root@kali:~# col --help Usage: col [options] Filter out reverse line feeds from standard input. Options: -b, --no-backspaces do not output backspaces -f, --fine permit forward half line feeds -p, --pass pass unknown control sequences -h, --tabs convert spaces to tabs -x, --spaces convert tabs to spaces -l, --lines NUM buffer at least NUM lines -H, --help display this help -V, --version display version For more details see col(1).
root@kali:~# colcrt -h Usage: colcrt [options] [<file>...] Filter nroff output for CRT previewing. Options: -, --no-underlining suppress all underlining -2, --half-lines print all half-lines -h, --help display this help -V, --version display version For more details see colcrt(1).
root@kali:~# colrm -h Usage: colrm [startcol [endcol]] Filter out the specified columns from standard input. Options: -h, --help display this help -V, --version display version For more details see colrm(1).
root@kali:~# column -h
Usage:
column [options] [<file>...]
Columnate lists.
Options:
-t, --table create a table
-n, --table-name <name> table name for JSON output
-O, --table-order <columns> specify order of output columns
--table-colorscheme <name> specify color scheme name
-C, --table-column <properties> define column
-N, --table-columns <names> comma separated columns names
-l, --table-columns-limit <num> maximal number of input columns
-E, --table-noextreme <columns> don't count long text in these columns
to the column's width
-d, --table-noheadings don't print header
-m, --table-maxout fill all available space
-e, --table-header-repeat repeat header for each page
-K, --table-header-as-columns use the first row as table header
-H, --table-hide <columns> don't print the columns
-R, --table-right <columns> right align text in these columns
-T, --table-truncate <columns> truncate text in the columns when necessary
-W, --table-wrap <columns> wrap text in the columns when necessary
--wrap-separator <string> wrap at this separator (requires --table-wrap)
-L, --keep-empty-lines don't ignore empty lines
-J, --json use JSON output format for table
-r, --tree <column> column to use tree-like output for the table
-i, --tree-id <column> line ID to specify child-parent relation
-p, --tree-parent <column> parent to specify child-parent relation
-c, --output-width <width> width of output in number of characters
-o, --output-separator <string> columns separator for table output
(default is two spaces)
-s, --input-separator, --separator <string>
possible table delimiters
-x, --fillrows fill rows before columns
-S, --use-spaces <number> minimal whitespaces between columns (no tabs)
--color[=<when>] colorize output (auto, always or never)
colors are enabled by default
-h, --help display this help
-V, --version display version
For more details see column(1).
root@kali:~# hd -h
Usage:
hd [options] <file>...
Display file contents in hexadecimal, decimal, octal, or ascii.
Options:
-b, --one-byte-octal one-byte octal display
-X, --one-byte-hex one-byte hexadecimal display
-c, --one-byte-char one-byte character display
-C, --canonical canonical hex+ASCII display
-d, --two-bytes-decimal two-byte decimal display
-o, --two-bytes-octal two-byte octal display
-x, --two-bytes-hex two-byte hexadecimal display
-L, --color[=<mode>] interpret color formatting specifiers
colors are enabled by default
-e, --format <format> format string to be used for displaying data
-f, --format-file <file> file that contains format strings
-n, --length <length> interpret only length bytes of input
-s, --skip <offset> skip offset bytes from the beginning
-v, --no-squeezing output identical lines
-h, --help display this help
-V, --version display version
Arguments:
Values for <length> and <offset> may be followed by a suffix: KiB, MiB,
GiB, TiB, PiB, EiB, ZiB, or YiB (where the "iB" is optional).
For more details see hexdump(1).
root@kali:~# hexdump -h
Usage:
hexdump [options] <file>...
Display file contents in hexadecimal, decimal, octal, or ascii.
Options:
-b, --one-byte-octal one-byte octal display
-X, --one-byte-hex one-byte hexadecimal display
-c, --one-byte-char one-byte character display
-C, --canonical canonical hex+ASCII display
-d, --two-bytes-decimal two-byte decimal display
-o, --two-bytes-octal two-byte octal display
-x, --two-bytes-hex two-byte hexadecimal display
-L, --color[=<mode>] interpret color formatting specifiers
colors are enabled by default
-e, --format <format> format string to be used for displaying data
-f, --format-file <file> file that contains format strings
-n, --length <length> interpret only length bytes of input
-s, --skip <offset> skip offset bytes from the beginning
-v, --no-squeezing output identical lines
-h, --help display this help
-V, --version display version
Arguments:
Values for <length> and <offset> may be followed by a suffix: KiB, MiB,
GiB, TiB, PiB, EiB, ZiB, or YiB (where the "iB" is optional).
For more details see hexdump(1).
root@kali:~# look -h Usage: look [options] <string> [<file>...] Display lines beginning with a specified string. Options: -a, --alternative use the alternative dictionary -d, --alphanum compare only blanks and alphanumeric characters -f, --ignore-case ignore case differences when comparing -t, --terminate <char> define the string-termination character -h, --help display this help -V, --version display version For more details see look(1).
root@kali:~# rev -h Usage: rev [options] [<file> ...] Reverse lines characterwise. Options: -0, --zero use the NUL byte as line separator -h, --help display this help -V, --version display version For more details see rev(1).
root@kali:~# ul -h Usage: ul [options] [<file> ...] Do underlining. Options: -t, -T, --terminal TERMINAL override the TERM environment variable -i, --indicated underlining is indicated via a separate line -h, --help display this help -V, --version display version For more details see ul(1).
root@kali:~# renice -h
Usage:
renice [-n|--priority|--relative] <priority> [-p|--pid] <pid>...
renice [-n|--priority|--relative] <priority> -g|--pgrp <pgid>...
renice [-n|--priority|--relative] <priority> -u|--user <user>...
Alter the priority of running processes.
Options:
-n <num> specify the 'absolute' nice value,
but 'relative' when POSIXLY_CORRECT is set
--priority <num> specify the 'absolute' nice value
--relative <num> specify the 'relative' nice value
-p, --pid interpret arguments as process ID (default)
-g, --pgrp interpret arguments as process group ID
-u, --user interpret arguments as username or user ID
-h, --help display this help
-V, --version display version
For more details see renice(1).
root@kali:~# script -h
Usage:
script [options] [<file>] [-- <command> [<argument>...]]
Make a typescript of a terminal session.
Options:
-I, --log-in <file> log stdin to file
-O, --log-out <file> log stdout to file (default)
-B, --log-io <file> log stdin and stdout to file
-T, --log-timing <file> log timing information to file
-t[<file>], --timing[=<file>] deprecated alias to -T (default file is stderr)
-m, --logging-format <name> force to 'classic' or 'advanced' format
-a, --append append to the log file
-c, --command <command> run <command> rather than an interactive shell
(alternative to '-- <command> [<argument...>]')
-e, --return return exit code of the child process
-f, --flush run flush after each write
--force use output file even when it is a link
-E, --echo <when> echo input in session (auto, always or never)
-o, --output-limit <size> terminate if output files exceed size
-q, --quiet be quiet
-h, --help display this help
-V, --version display version
Arguments:
Values for <size> may be followed by a suffix: KiB, MiB,
GiB, TiB, PiB, EiB, ZiB, or YiB (where the "iB" is optional).
For more details see script(1).
root@kali:~# scriptlive -h Usage: scriptlive [options] <timingfile> <typescript> Execute terminal typescript. Options: -t, --timing <file> script timing log file -T, --log-timing <file> alias to -t -I, --log-in <file> script stdin log file -B, --log-io <file> script stdin and stdout log file -c, --command <command> run command rather than interactive shell -d, --divisor <num> speed up or slow down execution with time divisor -E, --echo <when> echo input in session (auto, always or never) -m, --maxdelay <num> wait at most this many seconds between updates -h, --help display this help -V, --version display version For more details see scriptlive(1).
root@kali:~# scriptreplay -h
Usage:
scriptreplay [options] <timingfile> [<typescript> [<divisor>]]
Play back terminal typescripts, using timing information.
Options:
-t, --timing <file> script timing log file
-T, --log-timing <file> alias to -t
-I, --log-in <file> script stdin log file
-O, --log-out <file> script stdout log file (default)
-B, --log-io <file> script stdin and stdout log file
-s, --typescript <file> deprecated alias to -O
--summary display overview about recorded session and exit
-d, --divisor <num> speed up or slow down execution with time divisor
-m, --maxdelay <num> wait at most this many seconds between updates
-x, --stream <name> stream type (out, in, signal or info)
-c, --cr-mode <type> CR char mode (auto, never, always)
-h, --help display this help
-V, --version display version
Key bindings:
space toggles between pause and play
up-arrow increases playback speed with ten percent
down-arrow decreases playback speed with ten percent
right-arrow advances the playback by one step
For more details see scriptreplay(1).
root@kali:~# wall -h Usage: wall [options] [<file> | <message>] Write a message to all users. Options: -g, --group <group> only send message to group -n, --nobanner do not print banner, works only for root -t, --timeout <timeout> write timeout in seconds -h, --help display this help -V, --version display version For more details see wall(1).
root@kali:~# eject -h Usage: eject [options] [<device>|<mountpoint>] Eject removable media. Options: -a, --auto <on|off> turn auto-eject feature on or off -c, --changerslot <slot> switch discs on a CD-ROM changer -d, --default display default device -f, --floppy eject floppy -F, --force don't care about device type -i, --manualeject <on|off> toggle manual eject protection on/off -m, --no-unmount do not unmount device even if it is mounted -M, --no-partitions-unmount do not unmount another partitions -n, --noop don't eject, just show device found -p, --proc use /proc/mounts instead of /etc/mtab -q, --tape eject tape -r, --cdrom eject CD-ROM -s, --scsi eject SCSI device -t, --trayclose close tray -T, --traytoggle toggle tray -v, --verbose enable verbose output -x, --cdspeed <speed> set CD-ROM max speed -X, --listspeed list CD-ROM available speeds -h, --help display this help -V, --version display version By default tries -r, -s, -f, and -q in order until success. For more details see eject(1).
root@kali:~# cfdisk -h
Usage:
cfdisk [options] <disk>
Display or manipulate a disk partition table.
Options:
-L, --color[=<when>] colorize output (auto, always or never)
colors are enabled by default
-z, --zero start with zeroed partition table
--lock[=<mode>] use exclusive device lock (yes, no or nonblock)
-r, --read-only forced open cfdisk in read-only mode
-b, --sector-size <size> physical and logical sector size
-h, --help display this help
-V, --version display version
For more details see cfdisk(8).
root@kali:~# fdisk -h
Usage:
fdisk [options] <disk> change partition table
fdisk [options] -l [<disk>...] list partition table(s)
Display or manipulate a disk partition table.
Options:
-b, --sector-size <size> physical and logical sector size
-B, --protect-boot don't erase bootbits when creating a new label
-c, --compatibility[=<mode>] mode is 'dos' or 'nondos' (default)
-L, --color[=<when>] colorize output (auto, always or never)
colors are enabled by default
-l, --list display partitions and exit
-x, --list-details like --list but with more details
-n, --noauto-pt don't create default partition table on empty devices
-o, --output <list> output columns
-t, --type <type> recognize specified partition table type only
-u, --units[=<unit>] display units: 'cylinders' or 'sectors' (default)
-s, --getsz display device size in 512-byte sectors [DEPRECATED]
--bytes print SIZE in bytes rather than in human readable format
--lock[=<mode>] use exclusive device lock (yes, no or nonblock)
-w, --wipe <mode> wipe signatures (auto, always or never)
-W, --wipe-partitions <mode> wipe signatures from new partitions (auto, always or never)
-C, --cylinders <number> specify the number of cylinders
-H, --heads <number> specify the number of heads
-S, --sectors <number> specify the number of sectors per track
-h, --help display this help
-V, --version display version
Available output columns:
gpt: Device Start End Sectors Size Type Type-UUID Attrs Name UUID
dos: Device Start End Sectors Cylinders Size Type Id Attrs Boot End-C/H/S
Start-C/H/S
bsd: Slice Start End Sectors Cylinders Size Type Bsize Cpg Fsize
sgi: Device Start End Sectors Cylinders Size Type Id Attrs
sun: Device Start End Sectors Cylinders Size Type Id Flags
For more details see fdisk(8).
root@kali:~# sfdisk -h
Usage:
sfdisk [options] <dev> [[-N] <part>]
sfdisk [options] <command>
Display or manipulate a disk partition table.
Commands:
-A, --activate <dev> [<part> ...] list or set bootable (P)MBR partitions
-d, --dump <dev> dump partition table (usable for later input)
-J, --json <dev> dump partition table in JSON format
-B, --backup-pt-sectors <dev> binary partition table backup (see -b and -O)
-g, --show-geometry [<dev> ...] list geometry of all or specified devices
-l, --list [<dev> ...] list partitions of each device
-F, --list-free [<dev> ...] list unpartitioned free areas of each device
-r, --reorder <dev> fix partitions order (by start offset)
-s, --show-size [<dev> ...] list sizes of all or specified devices
-T, --list-types print the recognized types (see -X)
-V, --verify [<dev> ...] test whether partitions seem correct
--delete <dev> [<part> ...] delete all or specified partitions
--part-label <dev> <part> [<str>] print or change partition label
--part-type <dev> <part> [<type>] print or change partition type
--part-uuid <dev> <part> [<uuid>] print or change partition uuid
--part-attrs <dev> <part> [<str>] print or change partition attributes
--discard-free <dev> discard (trim) unpartitioned areas
--disk-id <dev> [<str>] print or change disk label ID (UUID)
--relocate <oper> <dev> move partition header
Arguments:
<dev> device (usually disk) path
<part> partition number
<type> partition type, GUID for GPT, hex for MBR
Options:
-a, --append append partitions to existing partition table
-b, --backup backup partition table sectors (see -O)
--bytes print SIZE in bytes rather than in human readable format
--move-data[=<typescript>] move partition data after relocation (requires -N)
--move-use-fsync use fsync after each write when move data
-f, --force disable all consistency checking
--color[=<when>] colorize output (auto, always or never)
colors are enabled by default
--sector-size <size> physical and logical sector size
--lock[=<mode>] use exclusive device lock (yes, no or nonblock)
-N, --partno <num> specify partition number
-n, --no-act do everything except write to device
--no-reread do not check whether the device is in use
--no-tell-kernel do not tell kernel about changes
-O, --backup-file <path> override default backup file name
-o, --output <list> output columns
-q, --quiet suppress extra info messages
-w, --wipe <mode> wipe signatures (auto, always or never)
-W, --wipe-partitions <mode> wipe signatures from new partitions (auto, always or never)
-X, --label <name> specify label type (dos, gpt, ...)
-Y, --label-nested <name> specify nested label type (dos, bsd)
-G, --show-pt-geometry deprecated, alias to --show-geometry
-L, --Linux deprecated, only for backward compatibility
-u, --unit S deprecated, only sector unit is supported
-h, --help display this help
-v, --version display version
Available output columns:
gpt: Device Start End Sectors Size Type Type-UUID Attrs Name UUID
dos: Device Start End Sectors Cylinders Size Type Id Attrs Boot End-C/H/S
Start-C/H/S
bsd: Slice Start End Sectors Cylinders Size Type Bsize Cpg Fsize
sgi: Device Start End Sectors Cylinders Size Type Id Attrs
sun: Device Start End Sectors Cylinders Size Type Id Flags
For more details see sfdisk(8).
root@kali:~# lastlog2 -h Usage: lastlog2 [options] Options: -a, --active print lastlog excluding '**Never logged in**' users -b, --before DAYS print only records older than DAYS -C, --clear clear record of a user (requires -u) -d, --database FILE use FILE as lastlog2 database -i, --import FILE import data from old lastlog file -r, --rename NEWNAME rename existing user to NEWNAME (requires -u) -s, --service display PAM service -S, --set set lastlog record to current time (requires -u) -t, --time DAYS print only lastlog records more recent than DAYS -u, --user LOGIN print lastlog record of the specified LOGIN -h, --help display this help -V, --version display version For more details see lastlog2(8).
root@kali:~# login --help
Usage:
login [-p] [-s <shell>] [-h <host>] [-H] [[-f] <username|UID>]
Begin a session on the system.
Options:
-p do not destroy the environment
-f skip a login authentication
-h <host> hostname to be used for utmp logging
-H suppress hostname in the login prompt
-s, --shell <path> define the shell to log in to
--help display this help
-V, --version display version
For more details see login(1).
root@kali:~# nologin -h Usage: nologin [options] Politely refuse a login. Options: -c, --command <command> does nothing (for compatibility with su -c) -h, --help display this help -V, --version display version For more details see nologin(8).
root@kali:~# losetup -h
Usage:
losetup [options] [<loopdev>]
losetup [options] -f | <loopdev> <file>
Set up and control loop devices.
Options:
-a, --all list all used devices
-d, --detach <loopdev>... detach one or more devices
-D, --detach-all detach all used devices
-f, --find find first unused device
-c, --set-capacity <loopdev> resize the device
-j, --associated <file> list all devices associated with <file>
-L, --nooverlap avoid possible conflict between devices
--remove <loopdev>... remove one or more devices
-o, --offset <num> start at offset <num> into file
--sizelimit <num> device is limited to <num> bytes of the file
-b, --sector-size <num> set the logical sector size to <num>
-P, --partscan create a partitioned loop device
-r, --read-only set up a read-only loop device
--direct-io[=<on|off>] open backing file with O_DIRECT
--loop-ref <string> loop device reference
--show print device name after setup (with -f)
-J, --json use JSON --list output format
-l, --list list info about all or specified (default)
-n, --noheadings don't print headings for --list output
-O, --output <cols> specify columns to output for --list
--output-all output all columns
--raw use raw --list output format
-h, --help display this help
-V, --version display version
Available output columns:
NAME loop device name
AUTOCLEAR autoclear flag set
BACK-FILE device backing file
BACK-INO backing file inode number
BACK-MAJ:MIN backing file major:minor device number
BACK-MAJ backing file major device number
BACK-MIN backing file minor device number
MAJ:MIN loop device major:minor number
MAJ loop device major number
MIN loop device minor number
OFFSET offset from the beginning
PARTSCAN partscan flag set
REF loop device reference string
RO read-only device
SIZELIMIT size limit of the file in bytes
DIO access backing file with direct-io
LOG-SEC logical sector size in bytes
For more details see losetup(8).
root@kali:~# mount -h
Usage:
mount [-lhV]
mount -a [options]
mount [options] [--source] <source> | [--target] <directory>
mount [options] <source> <directory>
mount <operation> <mountpoint> [<target>]
Mount a filesystem.
Options:
-a, --all mount all filesystems mentioned in fstab
-c, --no-canonicalize don't canonicalize paths
--beneath attach the filesystem beneath the top mount
--exclusive allow only one filesystem instance
-f, --fake dry run; skip the mount(2) syscall
-F, --fork fork off for each device (use with -a)
-T, --fstab <path> alternative file to /etc/fstab
-i, --internal-only don't call the mount.<type> helpers
-l, --show-labels show also filesystem labels
--map-groups <inner>:<outer>:<count>
add the specified GID map to an ID-mapped mount
--map-users <inner>:<outer>:<count>
add the specified UID map to an ID-mapped mount
--map-users /proc/<pid>/ns/user
specify the user namespace for an ID-mapped mount
-m, --mkdir[=<mode>] alias to '-o X-mount.mkdir[=<mode>]'
-n, --no-mtab don't write to /etc/mtab
--options-mode <mode>
what to do with options loaded from fstab
--options-source <source>
mount options source
--options-source-force
force use of options from fstab/mtab
--onlyonce check if filesystem is already mounted on target
-o, --options <list> comma-separated list of mount options
-O, --test-opts <list> limit the set of filesystems (use with -a)
-r, --ro, --read-only mount the filesystem read-only (same as -o ro)
-t, --types <list> limit the set of filesystem types
--source <src> explicitly specifies source (path, label, uuid)
--target <target> explicitly specifies mountpoint
--target-prefix <path>
specifies path used for all mountpoints
-v, --verbose say what is being done
-w, --rw, --read-write mount the filesystem read-write (default)
-N, --namespace <ns> perform mount in another namespace
-h, --help display this help
-V, --version display version
Source:
-L, --label <label> synonym for LABEL=<label>
-U, --uuid <uuid> synonym for UUID=<uuid>
LABEL=<label> specifies device by filesystem label
UUID=<uuid> specifies device by filesystem UUID
PARTLABEL=<label> specifies device by partition label
PARTUUID=<uuid> specifies device by partition UUID
ID=<id> specifies device by udev hardware ID
<device> specifies device by path
<directory> mountpoint for bind mounts (see --bind/rbind)
<file> regular file for loopdev setup
Operations:
-B, --bind mount a subtree somewhere else (same as -o bind)
-M, --move move a subtree to some other place
-R, --rbind mount a subtree and all submounts somewhere else
--make-shared mark a subtree as shared
--make-slave mark a subtree as slave
--make-private mark a subtree as private
--make-unbindable mark a subtree as unbindable
--make-rshared recursively mark a whole subtree as shared
--make-rslave recursively mark a whole subtree as slave
--make-rprivate recursively mark a whole subtree as private
--make-runbindable recursively mark a whole subtree as unbindable
For more details see mount(8).
root@kali:~# swapoff -h Usage: swapoff [options] [<spec>] Disable devices and files for paging and swapping. Options: -a, --all disable all swaps from /proc/swaps -v, --verbose verbose mode -h, --help display this help -V, --version display version The <spec> parameter: -L <label> LABEL of device to be used -U <uuid> UUID of device to be used LABEL=<label> LABEL of device to be used UUID=<uuid> UUID of device to be used <device> name of device to be used <file> name of file to be used For more details see swapoff(8).
root@kali:~# swapon -h
Usage:
swapon [options] [<spec>]
Enable devices and files for paging and swapping.
Options:
-a, --all enable all swaps from /etc/fstab
-d, --discard[=<policy>] enable swap discards, if supported by device
-e, --ifexists silently skip devices that do not exist
-f, --fixpgsz reinitialize the swap space if necessary
-o, --options <list> comma-separated list of swap options
-p, --priority <prio> specify the priority of the swap device
-s, --summary display summary about used swap devices (DEPRECATED)
-T, --fstab <path> alternative file to /etc/fstab
--show[=<columns>] display summary in definable table
--output-all output all available columns
--annotate[=<when>] annotate columns with a tooltip (always|never|auto)
--noheadings don't print table heading (with --show)
--raw use the raw output format (with --show)
--bytes display swap size in bytes in --show output
-v, --verbose verbose mode
-h, --help display this help
-V, --version display version
The <spec> parameter:
-L <label> synonym for LABEL=<label>
-U <uuid> synonym for UUID=<uuid>
LABEL=<label> specifies device by swap area label
UUID=<uuid> specifies device by swap area UUID
PARTLABEL=<label> specifies device by partition label
PARTUUID=<uuid> specifies device by partition UUID
<device> name of device to be used
<file> name of file to be used
Available discard policy types (for --discard):
once : only single-time area discards are issued
pages : freed pages are discarded before they are reused
If no policy is selected, both discard types are enabled (default).
Available output columns:
NAME device file or partition path
TYPE type of the device
SIZE size of the swap area
USED bytes in use
PRIO swap priority
UUID swap uuid
LABEL swap label
For more details see swapon(8).
root@kali:~# umount -h
Usage:
umount [-hV]
umount -a [options]
umount [options] <source> | <directory>
Unmount filesystems.
Options:
-a, --all unmount all filesystems
-A, --all-targets unmount all mountpoints for the given device in the
current namespace
-c, --no-canonicalize don't canonicalize paths
-d, --detach-loop if mounted loop device, also free this loop device
--fake dry run; skip the umount(2) syscall
-f, --force force unmount (in case of an unreachable NFS system)
-i, --internal-only don't call the umount.<type> helpers
-n, --no-mtab don't write to /etc/mtab
-l, --lazy detach the filesystem now, clean up things later
-O, --test-opts <list> limit the set of filesystems (use with -a)
-R, --recursive recursively unmount a target with all its children
-r, --read-only in case unmounting fails, try to remount read-only
-t, --types <list> limit the set of filesystem types
-v, --verbose say what is being done
-q, --quiet suppress 'not mounted' error messages
-N, --namespace <ns> perform umount in another namespace
-h, --help display this help
-V, --version display version
For more details see umount(8).
root@kali:~# rfkill -h
Usage:
rfkill [options] command [identifier ...]
Tool for enabling and disabling wireless devices.
Options:
-J, --json use JSON output format
-n, --noheadings don't print headings
-o, --output <list> define which output columns to use
--output-all output all columns
-r, --raw use the raw output format
-h, --help display this help
-V, --version display version
Available output columns:
DEVICE kernel device name
ID device identifier value
TYPE device type name that can be used as identifier
TYPE-DESC device type description
SOFT status of software block
HARD status of hardware block
Commands:
help
event
list [identifier]
block identifier
unblock identifier
toggle identifier
For more details see rfkill(8).
root@kali:~# agetty --help
Usage:
agetty [options] <line> [<baud_rate>,...] [<termtype>]
agetty [options] <baud_rate>,... <line> [<termtype>]
Open a terminal and set its mode.
Options:
-8, --8bits assume 8-bit tty
-a, --autologin <user> login the specified user automatically
-c, --noreset do not reset control mode
-E, --remote use -r <hostname> for login(1)
-f, --issue-file <list> display issue files or directories
--show-issue display issue file and exit
-h, --flow-control enable hardware flow control
-H, --host <hostname> specify login host
-i, --noissue do not display issue file
-I, --init-string <string> set init string
-J, --noclear do not clear the screen before prompt
-l, --login-program <file> specify login program
-L, --local-line[=<mode>] control the local line flag
-m, --extract-baud extract baud rate during connect
-n, --skip-login do not prompt for login
-N, --nonewline do not print a newline before issue
-o, --login-options <opts> options that are passed to login
-p, --login-pause wait for any key before the login
-r, --chroot <dir> change root to the directory
-R, --hangup do virtually hangup on the tty
-s, --keep-baud try to keep baud rate after break
-t, --timeout <number> login process timeout
-U, --detect-case detect uppercase terminal
-w, --wait-cr wait carriage-return
--nohints do not print hints
--nohostname no hostname at all will be shown
--long-hostname show full qualified hostname
--erase-chars <string> additional backspace chars
--kill-chars <string> additional kill chars
--chdir <directory> chdir before the login
--delay <number> sleep seconds before prompt
--nice <number> run login with this priority
--reload reload prompts on running agetty instances
--list-speeds display supported baud rates
--help display this help
--version display version
For more details see agetty(8).
root@kali:~# blkdiscard -h Usage: blkdiscard [options] <device> Discard the content of sectors on a device. Options: -f, --force disable all checking -l, --length <num> length of bytes to discard from the offset -o, --offset <num> offset in bytes to discard from -p, --step <num> size of the discard iterations within the offset -q, --quiet suppress warning messages -s, --secure perform secure discard -v, --verbose print aligned length and offset -z, --zeroout zero-fill rather than discard -h, --help display this help -V, --version display version Arguments: Values for <num> may be followed by a suffix: KiB, MiB, GiB, TiB, PiB, EiB, ZiB, or YiB (where the "iB" is optional). For more details see blkdiscard(8).
root@kali:~# blkid -h
Usage:
blkid --label <label> | --uuid <uuid>
blkid [--cache-file <file>] [-ghlLv] [--output <format>] [--match-tag <tag>]
[--match-token <token>] [<dev> ...]
blkid -p [--match-tag <tag>] [--offset <offset>] [--size <size>]
[--output <format>] <dev> ...
blkid -i [--match-tag <tag>] [--output <format>] <dev> ...
Options:
-c, --cache-file <file> read from <file> instead of reading from the default
cache file (-c /dev/null means no cache)
-d, --no-encoding don't encode non-printing characters
-g, --garbage-collect garbage collect the blkid cache
-o, --output <format> output format; can be one of:
value, device, export, json or full; (default: full)
-k, --list-filesystems list all known filesystems/RAIDs and exit
-s, --match-tag <tag> show specified tag(s) (default show all tags)
-t, --match-token <token> find device with a specific token (NAME=value pair)
-l, --list-one look up only first device with token specified by -t
-L, --label <label> convert LABEL to device name
-U, --uuid <uuid> convert UUID to device name
Low-level probing options:
-p, --probe low-level superblocks probing (bypass cache)
-i, --info gather information about I/O limits
-H, --hint <value> set hint for probing function
-S, --size <size> override device size
-O, --offset <offset> probe at the given offset
-u, --usages <list> filter by "usage" (e.g. -u filesystem,raid)
-n, --match-types <list> filter by filesystem type (e.g. -n vfat,ext3)
-D, --no-part-details don't print info from partition table
-h, --help display this help
-V, --version display version
Arguments:
Values for <size> and <offset> may be followed by a suffix: KiB, MiB,
GiB, TiB, PiB, EiB, ZiB, or YiB (where the "iB" is optional).
<dev> specify device(s) to probe (default: all devices)
For more details see blkid(8).
root@kali:~# blockdev -h
Usage:
blockdev [-v|-q] commands devices
blockdev --report [devices]
blockdev -h|-V
Call block device ioctls from the command line.
Options:
-q quiet mode
-v verbose mode
--report print report for specified (or all) devices
-h, --help display this help
-V, --version display version
Available commands:
--getsz get size in 512-byte sectors
--setro set read-only
--setrw set read-write
--getro get read-only
--getdiscardzeroes get discard zeroes support status
--getss get logical block (sector) size
--getpbsz get physical block (sector) size
--getiomin get minimum I/O size
--getioopt get optimal I/O size
--getalignoff get alignment offset in bytes
--getmaxsect get max sectors per request
--getbsz get blocksize
--setbsz <bytes> set blocksize on file descriptor opening the block device
--getsize get 32-bit sector count (deprecated, use --getsz)
--getsize64 get size in bytes
--setra <sectors> set readahead
--getra get readahead
--setfra <sectors> set filesystem readahead
--getfra get filesystem readahead
--getdiskseq get disk sequence number
--getzonesz get zone size
--flushbufs flush buffers
--rereadpt reread partition table
For more details see blockdev(8).
root@kali:~# choom -h Usage: choom [options] -p pid choom [options] -n number -p pid choom [options] -n number [--] command [args...]] Display and adjust OOM-killer score. Options: -n, --adjust <num> specify the adjust score value -p, --pid <num> process ID -h, --help display this help -V, --version display version For more details see choom(1).
root@kali:~# chrt -h Show or change the real-time scheduling attributes of a process. Set policy: chrt [options] [<priority>] <command> [<argument>...] chrt --pid <policy-option> [options] [<priority>] <PID> Get policy: chrt --pid <PID> Policy options: -b, --batch set policy to SCHED_BATCH -d, --deadline set policy to SCHED_DEADLINE -e, --ext set policy to SCHED_EXT -f, --fifo set policy to SCHED_FIFO -i, --idle set policy to SCHED_IDLE -o, --other set policy to SCHED_OTHER -r, --rr set policy to SCHED_RR (default) Scheduling options: -R, --reset-on-fork set reset-on-fork flag -T, --sched-runtime <ns> runtime parameter for DEADLINE -P, --sched-period <ns> period parameter for DEADLINE -D, --sched-deadline <ns> deadline parameter for DEADLINE Other options: -a, --all-tasks operate on all the tasks (threads) for a given pid -m, --max show min and max valid priorities -p, --pid operate on existing given pid -v, --verbose display status information -h, --help display this help -V, --version display version For more details see chrt(1).
root@kali:~# dmesg -h
Usage:
dmesg [options]
Display or control the kernel ring buffer.
Options:
-C, --clear clear the kernel ring buffer
-c, --read-clear read and clear all messages
-D, --console-off disable printing messages to console
-E, --console-on enable printing messages to console
-F, --file <file> use the file instead of the kernel log buffer
-K, --kmsg-file <file> use the file in kmsg format
-f, --facility <list> restrict output to defined facilities
-H, --human human readable output
-J, --json use JSON output format
-k, --kernel display kernel messages
-L, --color[=<when>] colorize messages (auto, always or never)
colors are enabled by default
-l, --level <list> restrict output to defined levels
-n, --console-level <level> set level of messages printed to console
-P, --nopager do not pipe output into a pager
-p, --force-prefix force timestamp output on each line of multi-line messages
-r, --raw print the raw message buffer
--noescape don't escape unprintable character
-S, --syslog force to use syslog(2) rather than /dev/kmsg
-s, --buffer-size <size> buffer size to query the kernel ring buffer
-u, --userspace display userspace messages
-w, --follow wait for new messages
-W, --follow-new wait and print only new messages
-x, --decode decode facility and level to readable string
-d, --show-delta show time delta between printed messages
-e, --reltime show local time and time delta in readable format
-T, --ctime show human-readable timestamp (may be inaccurate!)
-t, --notime don't show any timestamp with messages
--time-format <format> show timestamp using the given format:
[delta|reltime|ctime|notime|iso|raw]
Suspending/resume will make ctime and iso timestamps inaccurate.
--since <time> display the lines since the specified time
--until <time> display the lines until the specified time
-h, --help display this help
-V, --version display version
Supported log facilities:
kern - kernel messages
user - random user-level messages
mail - mail system
daemon - system daemons
auth - security/authorization messages
syslog - messages generated internally by syslogd
lpr - line printer subsystem
news - network news subsystem
uucp - UUCP subsystem
cron - clock daemon
authpriv - security/authorization messages (private)
ftp - FTP daemon
res0 - reserved 0
res1 - reserved 1
res2 - reserved 2
res3 - reserved 3
local0 - local use 0
local1 - local use 1
local2 - local use 2
local3 - local use 3
local4 - local use 4
local5 - local use 5
local6 - local use 6
local7 - local use 7
Supported log levels (priorities):
emerg - system is unusable
alert - action must be taken immediately
crit - critical conditions
err - error conditions
warn - warning conditions
notice - normal but significant condition
info - informational
debug - debug-level messages
For more details see dmesg(1).
root@kali:~# fallocate -h Usage: fallocate [options] <filename> Preallocate space to, or deallocate space from a file. Options: -c, --collapse-range remove a range from the file -d, --dig-holes detect zeroes and replace with holes -i, --insert-range insert a hole at range, shifting existing data -l, --length <num> length for range operations, in bytes -n, --keep-size maintain the apparent size of the file -o, --offset <num> offset for range operations, in bytes -p, --punch-hole replace a range with a hole (implies -n) -r, --report-holes report file holes and data holes info -v, --verbose verbose mode -w, --write-zeroes write zeroes and ensure allocation of a range -x, --posix use posix_fallocate(3) instead of fallocate(2) -z, --zero-range zero and ensure allocation of a range -h, --help display this help -V, --version display version Arguments: Values for <num> may be followed by a suffix: KiB, MiB, GiB, TiB, PiB, EiB, ZiB, or YiB (where the "iB" is optional). For more details see fallocate(1).
root@kali:~# findfs -h
Usage:
findfs [options] {LABEL,UUID,PARTUUID,PARTLABEL}=<value>
Find a filesystem by label or UUID.
Options:
-h, --help display this help
-V, --version display version
For more details see findfs(8).
root@kali:~# findmnt -h
Usage:
findmnt [options]
findmnt [options] <device> | <mountpoint>
findmnt [options] <device> <mountpoint>
findmnt [options] [--source <device>] [--target <path> | --mountpoint <dir>]
Find a (mounted) filesystem.
Data sources:
-F, --tab-file <path> alternative file for -s, -m or -k options
-m, --mtab search in table of mounted filesystems
(includes user space mount options)
-k an alias for '--kernel=mountinfo'
--kernel[=<method>] search in kernel mount table (default behavior);
<method> is mountinfo or listmount
-N, --task <tid> use alternative namespace (/proc/<tid>/mountinfo file)
-p, --poll[=<list>] monitor changes in table of mounted filesystems
-s, --fstab search in static table of filesystems
Data filters:
-A, --all disable all built-in filters, print all filesystems
-d, --direction <word> direction of search, 'forward' or 'backward'
-f, --first-only print the first found filesystem only
-i, --invert invert the sense of matching
--id <num> filter by mount node ID
--uniq-id <num> filter by mount node 64-bit ID (requires --kernel=listmount)
--pseudo print only pseudo-filesystems
-Q, --filter <expr> apply display filter
-M, --mountpoint <dir> the mountpoint directory
--shadowed print only filesystems over-mounted by another filesystem
-R, --submounts print all submounts for the matching filesystems
--real print only real filesystems
-S, --source <string> the device to mount (by name, maj:min,
LABEL=, UUID=, PARTUUID=, PARTLABEL=)
-T, --target <path> the path to the filesystem to use
-t, --types <list> limit the set of filesystems by FS types
-U, --uniq ignore filesystems with duplicate target
Options:
-a, --ascii use ASCII chars for tree formatting
-b, --bytes print sizes in bytes rather than in human readable format
-C, --nocanonicalize don't canonicalize when comparing paths
-c, --canonicalize canonicalize printed paths
-D, --df imitate the output of df(1)
-e, --evaluate convert tags (LABEL,UUID,PARTUUID,PARTLABEL)
to device names
--hyperlink[=<when>]
print paths as hyperlinks (always|never|auto)
-I, --dfi imitate the output of df(1) with -i option
-J, --json use JSON output format
-l, --list use list format output
-n, --noheadings don't print column headings
-O, --options <list> limit the set of filesystems by mount options
-o, --output <list> output columns (see --list-columns)
--output-all output all available columns
-P, --pairs use key="value" output format
-r, --raw use raw output format
--tree enable tree format output if possible
-u, --notruncate don't truncate text in columns
-v, --nofsroot don't print [/dir] for bind or btrfs mounts
-w, --timeout <num> upper limit in milliseconds that --poll will block
-y, --shell use column names to be usable as shell variable identifiers
-x, --verify verify mount table content (default is fstab)
--verbose print more details
--vfs-all print all VFS options
-H, --list-columns list the available columns
-h, --help display this help
-V, --version display version
For more details see findmnt(8).
root@kali:~# flock -h
Usage:
flock [options] <file>|<directory> <command> [<argument>...]
flock [options] <file>|<directory> -c <command>
flock [options] <file descriptor number>
Manage file locks from shell scripts.
Options:
-s, --shared get a shared lock
-x, --exclusive get an exclusive lock (default)
-u, --unlock remove a lock
-n, --nb, --nonblocking fail rather than wait
-w, --timeout <secs> wait for a limited amount of time
-E, --conflict-exit-code <number> exit code after conflict or timeout
-o, --close close file descriptor before running command
-c, --command <command> run a single command string through the shell
-F, --no-fork execute command without forking
--wait same as --timeout
--fcntl use fcntl(F_OFD_SETLK) rather than flock()
--start <offset> starting offset for lock (implies --fcntl)
--length <number> number of bytes to lock (implies --fcntl)
--verbose increase verbosity
-h, --help display this help
-V, --version display version
For more details see flock(1).
root@kali:~# fsck --help
Usage:
fsck [options] -- [fs-options] [<filesystem> ...]
Check and repair a Linux filesystem.
Options:
-A check all filesystems
-C [<fd>] display progress bar; file descriptor is for GUIs
-l lock the device to guarantee exclusive access
-M do not check mounted filesystems
-N do not execute, just show what would be done
-P check filesystems in parallel, including root
-R skip root filesystem; useful only with '-A'
-r [<fd>] report statistics for each device checked;
file descriptor is for GUIs
-s serialize the checking operations
-T do not show the title on startup
-t <type> specify filesystem types to be checked;
<type> is allowed to be a comma-separated list
-V explain what is being done
-?, --help display this help
--version display version
See the specific fsck.* commands for available fs-options.
For more details see fsck(8).
root@kali:~# fsfreeze -h Usage: fsfreeze [options] <mountpoint> Suspend access to a filesystem. Options: -f, --freeze freeze the filesystem -u, --unfreeze unfreeze the filesystem -h, --help display this help -V, --version display version For more details see fsfreeze(8).
root@kali:~# fstrim -h
Usage:
fstrim [options] -A|-a|<mountpoint>
Discard unused blocks on a mounted filesystem.
Options:
-a, --all trim mounted filesystems
-A, --fstab trim filesystems from /etc/fstab
-I, --listed-in <list> trim filesystems listed in specified files
-o, --offset <num> the offset in bytes to start discarding from
-l, --length <num> the number of bytes to discard
-m, --minimum <num> the minimum extent length to discard
-t, --types <list> limit the set of filesystem types
-v, --verbose print number of discarded bytes
--quiet-unsupported suppress error messages if trim unsupported
-n, --dry-run does everything, but trim
-h, --help display this help
-V, --version display version
Arguments:
Values for <num> may be followed by a suffix: KiB, MiB,
GiB, TiB, PiB, EiB, ZiB, or YiB (where the "iB" is optional).
For more details see fstrim(8).
root@kali:~# getopt -h Usage: getopt <optstring> <parameters> getopt [options] [--] <optstring> <parameters> getopt [options] -o|--options <optstring> [options] [--] <parameters> Parse command options. Options: -a, --alternative allow long options starting with single - -l, --longoptions <longopts> the long options to be recognized -n, --name <progname> the name under which errors are reported -o, --options <optstring> the short options to be recognized -q, --quiet disable error reporting by getopt(3) -Q, --quiet-output no normal output -s, --shell <shell> set quoting conventions to those of <shell> -T, --test test for getopt(1) version -u, --unquoted do not quote the output -U, --unknown leave unknown options as they are (implies -q) -h, --help display this help -V, --version display version For more details see getopt(1).
root@kali:~# getty --help
Usage:
getty [options] <line> [<baud_rate>,...] [<termtype>]
getty [options] <baud_rate>,... <line> [<termtype>]
Open a terminal and set its mode.
Options:
-8, --8bits assume 8-bit tty
-a, --autologin <user> login the specified user automatically
-c, --noreset do not reset control mode
-E, --remote use -r <hostname> for login(1)
-f, --issue-file <list> display issue files or directories
--show-issue display issue file and exit
-h, --flow-control enable hardware flow control
-H, --host <hostname> specify login host
-i, --noissue do not display issue file
-I, --init-string <string> set init string
-J, --noclear do not clear the screen before prompt
-l, --login-program <file> specify login program
-L, --local-line[=<mode>] control the local line flag
-m, --extract-baud extract baud rate during connect
-n, --skip-login do not prompt for login
-N, --nonewline do not print a newline before issue
-o, --login-options <opts> options that are passed to login
-p, --login-pause wait for any key before the login
-r, --chroot <dir> change root to the directory
-R, --hangup do virtually hangup on the tty
-s, --keep-baud try to keep baud rate after break
-t, --timeout <number> login process timeout
-U, --detect-case detect uppercase terminal
-w, --wait-cr wait carriage-return
--nohints do not print hints
--nohostname no hostname at all will be shown
--long-hostname show full qualified hostname
--erase-chars <string> additional backspace chars
--kill-chars <string> additional kill chars
--chdir <directory> chdir before the login
--delay <number> sleep seconds before prompt
--nice <number> run login with this priority
--reload reload prompts on running agetty instances
--list-speeds display supported baud rates
--help display this help
--version display version
For more details see agetty(8).
root@kali:~# hardlink -h
Usage:
hardlink [options] <directory>|<file> ...
Consolidate duplicate files using hardlinks.
Options:
-c, --content compare only file contents, same as -pot
-b, --io-size <size> I/O buffer size for file reading
(speedup, using more RAM)
-d, --respect-dir directory names have to be identical
-f, --respect-name filenames have to be identical
-F, --prioritize-trees files found in the earliest specified top-level
directory have higher priority (but this has
lower precedence than --maximize/--minimize)
-i, --include <regex> regular expression to include files/dirs
-l, --list-duplicates just list paths of duplicates, don't link them
-m, --maximize keep the file with the most links
-M, --minimize keep the file with the fewest links
--mount stay within the same filesystem
-n, --dry-run don't actually link anything
-o, --ignore-owner ignore owner changes
-O, --keep-oldest keep the oldest file of multiple equal files
(lower precedence than minimize/maximize)
-p, --ignore-mode ignore changes of file mode
-q, --quiet quiet mode - don't print anything
-r, --cache-size <size> memory limit for cached file content data
--reflink[=<when>] create clone/CoW copies (auto, always, never)
--skip-reflinks skip already cloned files (enabled on --reflink)
-s, --minimum-size <size> minimum size for files
-S, --maximum-size <size> maximum size for files
-t, --ignore-time ignore timestamps (when testing for equality)
-v, --verbose verbose output (repeat for more verbosity)
-x, --exclude <regex> regular expression to exclude files
--exclude-subtree <regex> regular expression to exclude directories
-X, --respect-xattrs respect extended attributes
-y, --method <name> file content comparison method
-z, --zero delimit output with NULs instead of newlines
-h, --help display this help
-V, --version display version
For more details see hardlink(1).
root@kali:~# i386 -h
Usage:
i386 [options] [<program> [<argument>...]]
Change the reported architecture and set personality flags.
Options:
-B, --32bit turns on ADDR_LIMIT_32BIT
-F, --fdpic-funcptrs makes function pointers point to descriptors
-I, --short-inode turns on SHORT_INODE
-L, --addr-compat-layout changes the way virtual memory is allocated
-R, --addr-no-randomize disables randomization of the virtual address space
-S, --whole-seconds turns on WHOLE_SECONDS
-T, --sticky-timeouts turns on STICKY_TIMEOUTS
-X, --read-implies-exec turns on READ_IMPLIES_EXEC
-Z, --mmap-page-zero turns on MMAP_PAGE_ZERO
-3, --3gb limits the used address space to a maximum of 3 GB
--4gb ignored (for backward compatibility only)
--uname-2.6 turns on UNAME26
-v, --verbose say what options are being switched on
-h, --help display this help
-V, --version display version
For more details see setarch(8).
root@kali:~# ionice -h
Usage:
ionice [options] -p <pid>...
ionice [options] -P <pgid>...
ionice [options] -u <uid>...
ionice [options] <command>
Show or change the I/O-scheduling class and priority of a process.
Options:
-c, --class <class> name or number of scheduling class,
0: none, 1: realtime, 2: best-effort, 3: idle
-n, --classdata <num> priority (0..7) in the specified scheduling class,
only for the realtime and best-effort classes
-p, --pid <pid>... act on these already running processes
-P, --pgid <pgrp>... act on already running processes in these groups
-t, --ignore ignore failures
-u, --uid <uid>... act on already running processes owned by these users
-h, --help display this help
-V, --version display version
For more details see ionice(1).
root@kali:~# ipcmk -h Usage: ipcmk [options] Create various IPC resources. Options: -M, --shmem <size> create shared memory segment of size <size> -m, --posix-shmem <size> create POSIX shared memory segment of size <size> -S, --semaphore <number> create semaphore array with <number> elements -s, --posix-semaphore create POSIX semaphore -Q, --queue create message queue -q, --posix-mqueue create POSIX message queue -p, --mode <mode> permission for the resource (default is 0644) -n, --name <name> name of the POSIX resource -h, --help display this help -V, --version display version Arguments: Values for <size> may be followed by a suffix: KiB, MiB, GiB, TiB, PiB, EiB, ZiB, or YiB (where the "iB" is optional). -n, --name <name> option is required for POSIX IPC For more details see ipcmk(1).
root@kali:~# ipcrm -h
Usage:
ipcrm [options]
ipcrm shm|msg|sem <id>...
Remove certain IPC resources.
Options:
-m, --shmem-id <id> remove shared memory segment by id
-M, --shmem-key <key> remove shared memory segment by key
--posix-shmem <name> remove POSIX shared memory segment by name
-q, --queue-id <id> remove message queue by id
-Q, --queue-key <key> remove message queue by key
--posix-mqueue <name> remove POSIX message queue by name
-s, --semaphore-id <id> remove semaphore by id
-S, --semaphore-key <key> remove semaphore by key
--posix-semaphore <name> remove POSIX semaphore by name
-a, --all[=shm|pshm|msg|pmsg|sem|psem]
remove all (in the specified category)
-v, --verbose explain what is being done
-h, --help display this help
-V, --version display version
For more details see ipcrm(1).
root@kali:~# ipcs -h
Usage:
ipcs [resource-option...] [output-option]
ipcs -m|-q|-s -i <id>
Show information on IPC facilities.
Options:
-i, --id <id> print details on resource identified by <id>
-h, --help display this help
-V, --version display version
Resource options:
-m, --shmems shared memory segments
-q, --queues message queues
-s, --semaphores semaphores
-a, --all all (default)
Output options:
-t, --time show attach, detach and change times
-p, --pid show PIDs of creator and last operator
-c, --creator show creator and owner
-l, --limits show resource limits
-u, --summary show status summary
--human show sizes in human-readable format
-b, --bytes show sizes in bytes
For more details see ipcs(1).
root@kali:~# linux32 -h
Usage:
linux32 [options] [<program> [<argument>...]]
Change the reported architecture and set personality flags.
Options:
-B, --32bit turns on ADDR_LIMIT_32BIT
-F, --fdpic-funcptrs makes function pointers point to descriptors
-I, --short-inode turns on SHORT_INODE
-L, --addr-compat-layout changes the way virtual memory is allocated
-R, --addr-no-randomize disables randomization of the virtual address space
-S, --whole-seconds turns on WHOLE_SECONDS
-T, --sticky-timeouts turns on STICKY_TIMEOUTS
-X, --read-implies-exec turns on READ_IMPLIES_EXEC
-Z, --mmap-page-zero turns on MMAP_PAGE_ZERO
-3, --3gb limits the used address space to a maximum of 3 GB
--4gb ignored (for backward compatibility only)
--uname-2.6 turns on UNAME26
-v, --verbose say what options are being switched on
-h, --help display this help
-V, --version display version
For more details see setarch(8).
root@kali:~# linux64 -h
Usage:
linux64 [options] [<program> [<argument>...]]
Change the reported architecture and set personality flags.
Options:
-B, --32bit turns on ADDR_LIMIT_32BIT
-F, --fdpic-funcptrs makes function pointers point to descriptors
-I, --short-inode turns on SHORT_INODE
-L, --addr-compat-layout changes the way virtual memory is allocated
-R, --addr-no-randomize disables randomization of the virtual address space
-S, --whole-seconds turns on WHOLE_SECONDS
-T, --sticky-timeouts turns on STICKY_TIMEOUTS
-X, --read-implies-exec turns on READ_IMPLIES_EXEC
-Z, --mmap-page-zero turns on MMAP_PAGE_ZERO
-3, --3gb limits the used address space to a maximum of 3 GB
--4gb ignored (for backward compatibility only)
--uname-2.6 turns on UNAME26
-v, --verbose say what options are being switched on
-h, --help display this help
-V, --version display version
For more details see setarch(8).
root@kali:~# logger -h
Usage:
logger [options] [<message>]
Enter messages into the system log.
Options:
-i log the logger command's PID
--id[=<id>] log the given <id>, or otherwise the PID
-f, --file <file> log the contents of this file
-e, --skip-empty do not log empty lines when processing files
--no-act do everything except the write the log
-p, --priority <prio> mark given message with this priority
--octet-count use rfc6587 octet counting
--prio-prefix look for a prefix on every line read from stdin
-s, --stderr output message to standard error as well
-S, --size <size> maximum size for a single message
-t, --tag <tag> mark every line with this tag
-n, --server <name> write to this remote syslog server
-P, --port <port> use this port for UDP or TCP connection
-T, --tcp use TCP only
-d, --udp use UDP only
--rfc3164 use the obsolete BSD syslog protocol
--rfc5424[=<snip>] use the syslog protocol (the default for remote);
<snip> can be notime, or notq, and/or nohost
--sd-id <id> rfc5424 structured data ID
--sd-param <data> rfc5424 structured data name=value
--msgid <msgid> set rfc5424 message id field
-u, --socket <socket> write to this Unix socket
--socket-errors on|off|auto
print connection errors when using Unix sockets
--journald[=<file>] write journald entry
-h, --help display this help
-V, --version display version
For more details see logger(1).
root@kali:~# lsblk -h
Usage:
lsblk [options] [<device> ...]
List information about block devices.
Options:
-A, --noempty don't print empty devices
-D, --discard print discard capabilities
-E, --dedup <column> de-duplicate output by <column>
-I, --include <list> show only devices with specified major numbers
-J, --json use JSON output format
-M, --merge group parents of sub-trees (RAIDs, Multi-path)
-O, --output-all output all columns
-P, --pairs use key="value" output format
-Q, --filter <expr> print only lines matching the expression
--highlight <expr> colorize lines matching the expression
--ct-filter <expr> restrict the next counter
--ct <name>[:<param>[:<func>]] define a custom counter
-S, --scsi output info about SCSI devices
-N, --nvme output info about NVMe devices
-v, --virtio output info about virtio devices
-T, --tree[=<column>] use tree format output
-a, --all print all devices
-b, --bytes print SIZE in bytes instead of a human-readable format
-d, --nodeps don't print slaves or holders
-e, --exclude <list> exclude devices by major number (default: RAM disks)
-f, --fs output info about filesystems
--hyperlink[=<when>]
print paths as hyperlinks (always|never|auto)
-i, --ascii use ascii characters only
-l, --list use list format output
-m, --perms output info about permissions
-n, --noheadings don't print headings
-o, --output <list> output columns (see --list-columns)
-p, --paths print complete device path
-r, --raw use raw output format
-s, --inverse inverse dependencies
-t, --topology output info about topology
-w, --width <num> specifies output width as number of characters
-x, --sort <column> sort output by <column>
-y, --shell use column names that can be used as shell variables
-z, --zoned print zone related information
--sysroot <dir> use specified directory as system root
--properties-by <list>
methods used to gather data (default: file,udev,blkid)
-H, --list-columns list the available columns
-h, --help display this help
-V, --version display version
For more details see lsblk(8).
root@kali:~# lscpu -h
Usage:
lscpu [options]
Display information about the CPU architecture.
Options:
-a, --all print both online and offline CPUs (default for -e)
-b, --online print online CPUs only (default for -p)
-B, --bytes print sizes in bytes rather than in human readable format
-C, --caches[=<list>] info about caches in extended readable format
-c, --offline print offline CPUs only
-J, --json use JSON for default or extended format
-e, --extended[=<list>] print out an extended readable format
-p, --parse[=<list>] print out a parsable format
-r, --raw use raw output format (for -e, -p and -C)
-s, --sysroot <dir> use specified directory as system root
-x, --hex print hexadecimal masks rather than lists of CPUs
--annotate[=<when>] annotate columns with a tooltip (always|never|auto)
-y, --physical print physical instead of logical IDs
--hierarchic[=when] use subsections in summary (auto, never, always)
--output-all print all available columns for -e, -p or -C
--arm-id[=<id>] print the known ARM implementers and their names. If an id is given, print all the cores for that implementer.
--arm-model <id> print the name of the given ARM implementer and model. Requires --arm-id=<id>.
-H, --list-columns list the available columns
-h, --help display this help
-V, --version display version
For more details see lscpu(1).
root@kali:~# lsipc -h
Usage:
lsipc [options]
Show information on IPC facilities.
Resource options:
-m, --shmems shared memory segments
-M, --posix-shmems POSIX shared memory segments
-q, --queues message queues
-Q, --posix-mqueues POSIX message queues
-s, --semaphores semaphores
-S, --posix-semaphores POSIX semaphores
-g, --global info about system-wide usage
(may be used with -m, -q and -s)
-i, --id <id> System V resource identified by <id>
-N, --name <name> POSIX resource identified by <name>
Options:
--noheadings don't print headings
--notruncate don't truncate output
--time-format=<type> display dates in short, full or iso format
-b, --bytes print SIZE in bytes rather than in human-readable form
-c, --creator show creator and owner
-e, --export display in an export-able output format
-J, --json use the JSON output format
-n, --newline display each piece of information on a new line
-l, --list force list output format (for example with --id)
-o, --output[=<list>] define the columns to output
-P, --numeric-perms print numeric permissions (PERMS column)
-r, --raw display in raw mode
-t, --time show attach, detach and change times
-y, --shell use column names to be usable as shell variables
-h, --help display this help
-V, --version display version
Generic System V columns:
KEY Resource key
ID Resource ID
OWNER Owner's username or UID
PERMS Permissions
CUID Creator UID
CUSER Creator user
CGID Creator GID
CGROUP Creator group
UID User ID
USER User name
GID Group ID
GROUP Group name
CTIME Time of the last change
Generic POSIX columns:
NAME POSIX resource name
OWNER Owner's username or UID
PERMS Permissions
CUID Creator UID
CUSER Creator user
CGID Creator GID
CGROUP Creator group
MTIME Time of last action
System V Shared-memory columns (--shmems):
SIZE Segment size
NATTCH Number of attached processes
STATUS Status
ATTACH Attach time
DETACH Detach time
COMMAND Creator command line
CPID PID of the creator
LPID PID of last user
System V Message-queue columns (--queues):
USEDBYTES Bytes used
MSGS Number of messages
SEND Time of last msg sent
RECV Time of last msg received
LSPID PID of the last msg sender
LRPID PID of the last msg receiver
System V Semaphore columns (--semaphores):
NSEMS Number of semaphores
OTIME Time of the last operation
POSIX Semaphore columns (--posix-semaphores):
SVAL Semaphore value
Summary columns (--global):
RESOURCE Resource name
DESCRIPTION Resource description
LIMIT System-wide limit
USED Currently used
USE% Currently use percentage
For more details see lsipc(1).
root@kali:~# lslocks -h
Usage:
lslocks [options]
List local system locks.
Options:
-b, --bytes print SIZE in bytes rather than in human readable format
-J, --json use JSON output format
-i, --noinaccessible ignore locks without read permissions
-n, --noheadings don't print headings
-o, --output <list> output columns (see --list-columns)
--output-all output all columns
-p, --pid <pid> display only locks held by this process
-Q, --filter <expr> apply display filter
-r, --raw use the raw output format
-u, --notruncate don't truncate text in columns
-H, --list-columns list the available columns
-h, --help display this help
-V, --version display version
For more details see lslocks(8).
root@kali:~# lsns -h
Usage:
lsns [options] [<namespace ID>]
List system namespaces.
Options:
-J, --json use JSON output format
-l, --list use list format output
-n, --noheadings don't print headings
-o, --output <list> define which output columns to use
--output-all output all columns
-P, --persistent namespaces without processes
-p, --task <pid> print process namespaces
-Q, --filter <expr> apply display filter
-r, --raw use the raw output format
-u, --notruncate don't truncate text in columns
-W, --nowrap don't use multi-line representation
-t, --type <name> namespace type (mnt, net, ipc, user, pid, uts, cgroup, time)
-T, --tree[=<rel>] use tree format (parent, owner, or process)
-H, --list-columns list the available columns
-h, --help display this help
-V, --version display version
For more details see lsns(8).
root@kali:~# mcookie -h Usage: mcookie [options] Generate magic cookies for xauth. Options: -f, --file <file> use file as a cookie seed -m, --max-size <num> limit how much is read from seed files -v, --verbose explain what is being done -h, --help display this help -V, --version display version Arguments: Values for <num> may be followed by a suffix: KiB, MiB, GiB, TiB, PiB, EiB, ZiB, or YiB (where the "iB" is optional). For more details see mcookie(1).
root@kali:~# mkfs -h
Usage:
mkfs [options] [-t <type>] [fs-options] <device> [<size>]
Make a Linux filesystem.
Options:
-t, --type=<type> filesystem type; when unspecified, ext2 is used
fs-options parameters for the real filesystem builder
<device> path to the device to be used
<size> number of blocks to be used on the device
-V, --verbose explain what is being done;
specifying -V more than once will cause a dry-run
-h, --help display this help
-V, --version display version
For more details see mkfs(8).
root@kali:~# mkswap -h
Usage:
mkswap [options] device [size]
Set up a Linux swap area.
Options:
-c, --check check bad blocks before creating the swap area
-f, --force allow swap size area be larger than device
-q, --quiet suppress output and warning messages
-p, --pagesize SIZE specify page size in bytes
-L, --label LABEL specify label
-v, --swapversion NUM specify swap-space version number
-U, --uuid UUID specify the uuid to use
-e, --endianness=<value> specify the endianness to use (native, little or big)
-o, --offset OFFSET specify the offset in the device
-s, --size SIZE specify the size of a swap file in bytes
-F, --file create a swap file
--verbose verbose output
--lock[=<mode>] use exclusive device lock (yes, no or nonblock)
-h, --help display this help
-V, --version display version
For more details see mkswap(8).
root@kali:~# more -h Usage: more [options] <file>... Display the contents of a file in a terminal. Options: -d, --silent display help instead of ringing bell -f, --logical count logical rather than screen lines -l, --no-pause suppress pause after form feed -c, --print-over do not scroll, display text and clean line ends -p, --clean-print do not scroll, clean screen and display text -e, --exit-on-eof exit on end-of-file -s, --squeeze squeeze multiple blank lines into one -u, --plain suppress underlining and bold -n, --lines <number> the number of lines per screenful -<number> same as --lines +<number> display file beginning from line number +/<pattern> display file beginning from pattern match -h, --help display this help -V, --version display version For more details see more(1).
root@kali:~# mountpoint -h
Usage:
mountpoint [-qd] /path/to/directory
mountpoint -x /dev/device
Check whether a directory or file is a mountpoint.
Options:
-q, --quiet quiet mode - don't print anything
--nofollow do not follow symlink
-d, --fs-devno print maj:min device number of the filesystem
-x, --devno print maj:min device number of the block device
--show print mountpoint for given path
-h, --help display this help
-V, --version display version
For more details see mountpoint(1).
root@kali:~# namei -h Usage: namei [options] <pathname>... Follow a pathname until a terminal point is found. Options: -x, --mountpoints show mount point directories with a 'D' -m, --modes show the mode bits of each file -o, --owners show owner and group name of each file -l, --long use a long listing format (-m -o -v) -n, --nosymlinks don't follow symlinks -v, --vertical vertical align of modes and owners -Z, --context print any security context of each file -h, --help display this help -V, --version display version For more details see namei(1).
root@kali:~# nsenter -h
Usage:
nsenter [options] [<program> [<argument>...]]
Run a program with namespaces of other processes.
Options:
-a, --all enter all namespaces
-t, --target <PID> target process to get namespaces from
-m, --mount[=<file>|=:<nsid>] enter mount namespace
-u, --uts[=<file>|=:<nsid>] enter UTS namespace (hostname etc)
-i, --ipc[=<file>|=:<nsid>] enter System V IPC namespace
-n, --net[=<file>|=:<nsid>] enter network namespace
-N, --net-socket <fd> enter socket's network namespace (needs --target)
-p, --pid[=<file>|=:<nsid>] enter pid namespace
-C, --cgroup[=<file>|=:<nsid>] enter cgroup namespace
-U, --user[=<file>|=:<nsid>] enter user namespace
--user-parent enter parent user namespace
-T, --time[=<file>|=:<nsid>] enter time namespace
-S, --setuid[=<uid>] set uid in entered namespace
-G, --setgid[=<gid>] set gid in entered namespace
--preserve-credentials do not touch uids or gids
--keep-caps retain capabilities granted in user namespaces
-r, --root[=<dir>] set the root directory
-w, --wd[=<dir>] set the working directory
-W, --wdns <dir> set the working directory in namespace
-e, --env inherit environment variables from target process
-F, --no-fork do not fork before exec'ing <program>
-c, --join-cgroup join the cgroup of the target process
-Z, --follow-context set SELinux context according to --target PID
-h, --help display this help
-V, --version display version
For more details see nsenter(1).
root@kali:~# partx -h
Usage:
partx [-a|-d|-s|-u] [--nr <n:m> | <partition>] <disk>
Tell the kernel about the presence and numbering of partitions.
Options:
-a, --add add specified partitions or all of them
-d, --delete delete specified partitions or all of them
-u, --update update specified partitions or all of them
-s, --show list partitions
-b, --bytes print SIZE in bytes rather than in human readable format
-g, --noheadings don't print headings for --show
-n, --nr <n:m> specify the range of partitions (e.g. --nr 2:4)
-o, --output <list> define which output columns to use
--output-all output all columns
-P, --pairs use key="value" output format
-r, --raw use raw output format
-S, --sector-size <num> overwrite sector size
-t, --type <type> specify the partition type
--list-types list supported partition types and exit
-v, --verbose verbose mode
-h, --help display this help
-V, --version display version
Available output columns:
NR partition number
START start of the partition in sectors
END end of the partition in sectors
SECTORS number of sectors
SIZE human readable size
NAME partition name
UUID partition UUID
TYPE partition type (a string, a UUID, or hex)
FLAGS partition flags
SCHEME partition table type (dos, gpt, ...)
For more details see partx(8).
root@kali:~# prlimit -h
Usage:
prlimit [options] [--<resource>=<limit>] [-p PID]
prlimit [options] [--<resource>=<limit>] COMMAND
Show or change the resource limits of a process.
Options:
-p, --pid <pid> process id
-o, --output <list> define which output columns to use
--noheadings don't print headings
--raw use the raw output format
--verbose verbose output
-h, --help display this help
-V, --version display version
Resources:
-c, --core maximum size of core files created
-d, --data maximum size of a process's data segment
-e, --nice maximum nice priority allowed to raise
-f, --fsize maximum size of files written by the process
-i, --sigpending maximum number of pending signals
-l, --memlock maximum size a process may lock into memory
-m, --rss maximum resident set size
-n, --nofile maximum number of open files
-q, --msgqueue maximum bytes in POSIX message queues
-r, --rtprio maximum real-time scheduling priority
-s, --stack maximum stack size
-t, --cpu maximum amount of CPU time in seconds
-u, --nproc maximum number of user processes
-v, --as size of virtual memory
-x, --locks maximum number of file locks
-y, --rttime CPU time in microseconds a process scheduled
under real-time scheduling
Arguments:
<limit> is defined as a range soft:hard, soft:, :hard or a value to
define both limits (e.g. -e=0:10 -r=:10).
Available output columns:
DESCRIPTION resource description
RESOURCE resource name
SOFT soft limit
HARD hard limit (ceiling)
UNITS units
For more details see prlimit(1).
root@kali:~# readprofile -h
Usage:
readprofile [options]
Display kernel profiling information.
Options:
-m, --mapfile <mapfile> (defaults: "/boot/System.map" and
"/boot/System.map-6.19.14+kali-amd64")
-p, --profile <pro-file> (default: "/proc/profile")
-M, --multiplier <mult> set the profiling multiplier to <mult>
-i, --info print only info about the sampling step
-v, --verbose print verbose data
-a, --all print all symbols, even if count is 0
-b, --histbin print individual histogram-bin counts
-s, --counters print individual counters within functions
-r, --reset reset all the counters (root only)
-n, --no-auto disable byte order auto-detection
-h, --help display this help
-V, --version display version
For more details see readprofile(8).
root@kali:~# rtcwake -h
Usage:
rtcwake [options]
Enter a system sleep state until a specified wakeup time.
Options:
-a, --auto reads the clock mode from adjust file (default)
-A, --adjfile <file> specifies the path to the adjust file
the default is /etc/adjtime
--date <timestamp> date time of timestamp to wake
-d, --device <device> select rtc device (rtc0|rtc1|...)
-n, --dry-run does everything, but suspend
-l, --local RTC uses local timezone
--list-modes list available modes
-m, --mode <mode> standby|mem|... sleep mode
-s, --seconds <seconds> seconds to sleep
-t, --time <time_t> time to wake
-u, --utc RTC uses UTC
-v, --verbose verbose messages
-h, --help display this help
-V, --version display version
For more details see rtcwake(8).
root@kali:~# runuser -h
Usage:
runuser [options] -u <user> [[--] <command>]
runuser [options] [-] [<user> [<argument>...]]
Run <command> with the effective user ID and group ID of <user>. If -u is
not given, fall back to su(1)-compatible semantics and execute standard shell.
The options -c, -f, -l, and -s are mutually exclusive with -u.
Options:
-u, --user <user> username
-m, -p, --preserve-environment do not reset environment variables
-w, --whitelist-environment <list> don't reset specified variables
-g, --group <group> specify the primary group
-G, --supp-group <group> specify a supplemental group
-, -l, --login make the shell a login shell
-c, --command <command> pass a single command to the shell with -c
--session-command <command> pass a single command to the shell with -c
and do not create a new session
-f, --fast pass -f to the shell (for csh or tcsh)
-s, --shell <shell> run <shell> if /etc/shells allows it
-P, --pty create a new pseudo-terminal
-T, --no-pty do not create a new pseudo-terminal (bad security!)
-h, --help display this help
-V, --version display version
For more details see runuser(1).
root@kali:~# setarch -h
Usage:
setarch [<arch>] [options] [<program> [<argument>...]]
Change the reported architecture and set personality flags.
Options:
-B, --32bit turns on ADDR_LIMIT_32BIT
-F, --fdpic-funcptrs makes function pointers point to descriptors
-I, --short-inode turns on SHORT_INODE
-L, --addr-compat-layout changes the way virtual memory is allocated
-R, --addr-no-randomize disables randomization of the virtual address space
-S, --whole-seconds turns on WHOLE_SECONDS
-T, --sticky-timeouts turns on STICKY_TIMEOUTS
-X, --read-implies-exec turns on READ_IMPLIES_EXEC
-Z, --mmap-page-zero turns on MMAP_PAGE_ZERO
-3, --3gb limits the used address space to a maximum of 3 GB
--4gb ignored (for backward compatibility only)
--uname-2.6 turns on UNAME26
-v, --verbose say what options are being switched on
--list list settable architectures, and exit
--show[=personality] show current or specific personality and exit
-p, --pid=PID show the personality of the process using with --show
-h, --help display this help
-V, --version display version
For more details see setarch(8).
root@kali:~# setpriv -h
Usage:
setpriv [options] <program> [<argument>...]
Run a program with different privilege settings.
Options:
-d, --dump show current state (and do not exec)
--nnp, --no-new-privs disallow granting new privileges
--ambient-caps <caps> set ambient capabilities
--inh-caps <caps> set inheritable capabilities
--bounding-set <caps> set capability bounding set
--ruid <uid|user> set real uid
--euid <uid|user> set effective uid
--rgid <gid|group> set real gid
--egid <gid|group> set effective gid
--reuid <uid|user> set real and effective uid
--regid <gid|group> set real and effective gid
--clear-groups clear supplementary groups
--keep-groups keep supplementary groups
--init-groups initialize supplementary groups
--list-caps list all known capabilities
--groups <group>[,...] set supplementary group(s) by GID or name
--securebits <bits> set securebits
--pdeathsig keep|clear|<signame>
set or clear parent death signal
--ptracer <pid>|any|none allow ptracing from the given process
--selinux-label <label> set SELinux label
--apparmor-profile <pr> set AppArmor profile
--landlock-access <access> add Landlock access
--landlock-rule <rule> add Landlock rule
--seccomp-filter <file> load seccomp filter from file
--reset-env clear all environment and initialize
HOME, SHELL, USER, LOGNAME and PATH
-h, --help display this help
-V, --version display version
Arguments:
<access> is a landlock access; syntax is fs[:<right>, ...>]
<rule> is a landlock rule; syntax is <type>:<right>:<argument>
available landlock rule types are:
path-beneath - filesystem based rule; <argument> is a path
available landlock filesystems rights are:
execute - execute a file
write-file - open a file with write access
read-file - open a file with read access
read-dir - open a directory or list its content
remove-dir - remove an empty directory or rename one
remove-file - unlink (or rename) a file
make-char - create (or rename or link) a character device
make-dir - create (or rename) a directory
make-reg - create (or rename or link) a regular file
make-sock - create (or rename or link) a UNIX domain socket
make-fifo - create (or rename or link) a named pipe
make-block - create (or rename or link) a block device
make-sym - create (or rename or link) a symbolic link
refer - link or rename a file from or to a different directory
truncate - truncate a file with truncate(2)
ioctl-dev - invoke ioctl(2) on an opened character or block device
This tool can be dangerous. Read the manpage, and be careful.
For more details see setpriv(1).
root@kali:~# setsid -h Usage: setsid [options] <program> [<argument>...] Run a program in a new session. Options: -c, --ctty set the controlling terminal to the current one -f, --fork always fork -w, --wait wait program to exit, and use the same return -h, --help display this help -V, --version display version For more details see setsid(1).
root@kali:~# setterm --help
Usage:
setterm [options]
Set the attributes of a terminal.
Options:
--term <terminal_name> override TERM environment variable
--reset reset terminal to power-on state
--resize reset terminal rows and columns
--initialize display init string, and use default settings
--default use default terminal settings
--store save current terminal settings as default
--cursor on|off display cursor
--repeat on|off keyboard repeat
--appcursorkeys on|off cursor key application mode
--linewrap on|off continue on a new line when a line is full
--inversescreen on|off swap colors for the whole screen
--msg on|off send kernel messages to console
--msglevel <0-8> kernel console log level
--foreground default|<color> set foreground color
--background default|<color> set background color
--ulcolor [bright] <color> set underlined text color
--hbcolor [bright] <color> set half-bright text color
<color>: black blue cyan green grey magenta red white yellow
--bold on|off bold
--half-bright on|off dim
--blink on|off blink
--underline on|off underline
--reverse on|off swap foreground and background colors
--clear[=<all|rest>] clear screen and set cursor position
--tabs[=<number>...] set these tab stop positions, or show them
--clrtabs[=<number>...] clear these tab stop positions, or all
--regtabs[=1-160] set a regular tab stop interval
--blank[=0-60|force|poke] set time of inactivity before screen blanks
--dump[=<number>] write vcsa<number> console dump to file
--append <number> append vcsa<number> console dump to file
--file <filename> name of the dump file
--powersave on|vsync|hsync|powerdown|off
set vesa powersaving features
--powerdown[=<0-60>] set vesa powerdown interval in minutes
--blength[=<0-2000>] duration of the bell in milliseconds
--bfreq[=<number>] bell frequency in Hertz
--help display this help
--version display version
For more details see setterm(1).
root@kali:~# su -h
Usage:
su [options] [-] [<user> [<argument>...]]
Change the effective user ID and group ID to that of <user>.
A mere - implies -l. If <user> is not given, root is assumed.
Options:
-m, -p, --preserve-environment do not reset environment variables
-w, --whitelist-environment <list> don't reset specified variables
-g, --group <group> specify the primary group
-G, --supp-group <group> specify a supplemental group
-, -l, --login make the shell a login shell
-c, --command <command> pass a single command to the shell with -c
--session-command <command> pass a single command to the shell with -c
and do not create a new session
-f, --fast pass -f to the shell (for csh or tcsh)
-s, --shell <shell> run <shell> if /etc/shells allows it
-P, --pty create a new pseudo-terminal
-T, --no-pty do not create a new pseudo-terminal (bad security!)
-h, --help display this help
-V, --version display version
For more details see su(1).
root@kali:~# sulogin -h Usage: sulogin [options] [tty device] Single-user login. Options: -p, --login-shell start a login shell -t, --timeout <seconds> max time to wait for a password (default: no limit) -e, --force examine password files directly if getpwnam(3) fails -h, --help display this help -V, --version display version For more details see sulogin(8).
root@kali:~# swaplabel -h Usage: swaplabel [options] <device> Display or change the label or UUID of a swap area. Options: -L, --label <label> specify a new label -U, --uuid <uuid> specify a new uuid -h, --help display this help -V, --version display version For more details see swaplabel(8).
root@kali:~# taskset -h
Usage: taskset [options] [mask | cpu-list] [pid|cmd [args...]]
Show or change the CPU affinity of a process.
Options:
-a, --all-tasks operate on all the tasks (threads) for a given pid
-p, --pid operate on existing given pid
-c, --cpu-list display and specify cpus in list format
-h, --help display this help
-V, --version display version
The default behavior is to run a new command:
taskset 03 sshd -b 1024
You can retrieve the mask of an existing task:
taskset -p 700
Or set it:
taskset -p 03 700
List format uses a comma-separated list instead of a mask:
taskset -pc 0,3,7-11 700
Ranges in list format can take a stride argument:
e.g. 0-31:2 is equivalent to mask 0x55555555
For more details see taskset(1).
root@kali:~# uclampset -h Usage: uclampset [options] --pid <pid> | <command> [<arg>...] | --system Show or change the utilization clamping attributes. Options: -m <value> minimum utilization value to set -M <value> maximum utilization value to set -a, --all-tasks operate on all the tasks (threads) for a given pid -p, --pid <pid> operate on existing given pid -s, --system operate on system -R, --reset-on-fork set reset-on-fork flag -v, --verbose display status information -h, --help display this help -V, --version display version Utilization value range is [0:1024]. Use special -1 value to reset to system's default. For more details see uclampset(1).
root@kali:~# unshare -h
Usage:
unshare [options] [<program> [<argument>...]]
Run a program with some namespaces unshared from the parent.
Options:
-m, --mount[=<file>] unshare mounts namespace
-u, --uts[=<file>] unshare UTS namespace (hostname etc)
-i, --ipc[=<file>] unshare System V IPC namespace
-n, --net[=<file>] unshare network namespace
-p, --pid[=<file>] unshare pid namespace
-U, --user[=<file>] unshare user namespace
-C, --cgroup[=<file>] unshare cgroup namespace
-T, --time[=<file>] unshare time namespace
--mount-proc[=<dir>] mount proc filesystem first (implies --mount)
--mount-binfmt[=<dir>] mount binfmt filesystem first (implies --user and --mount)
-l, --load-interp <file> load binfmt definition in the namespace (implies --mount-binfmt)
--propagation slave|shared|private|unchanged
modify mount propagation in mount namespace
-R, --root <dir> run the command with root directory set to <dir>
-w, --wd <dir> change working directory to <dir>
-S, --setuid <uid> set uid in entered namespace
-G, --setgid <gid> set gid in entered namespace
--map-user <uid>|<name> map current user to uid (implies --user)
--map-group <gid>|<name> map current group to gid (implies --user)
-r, --map-root-user map current user to root (implies --user)
-c, --map-current-user map current user to itself (implies --user)
--map-auto map users and groups automatically (implies --user)
--map-subids map the first block of user IDs owned by euid (implies --user)
--map-users <inneruid>:<outeruid>:<count>
map count users from outeruid to inneruid (implies --user)
--map-groups <innergid>:<outergid>:<count>
map count groups from outergid to innergid (implies --user)
--owner <uid>:<gid> set the user namespace owner (implies --user)
-f, --fork fork before launching <program>
--kill-child[=<signame>] when dying, kill the forked child (implies --fork)
defaults to SIGKILL
--forward-signals forward SIGTERM and SIGINT to child (implies --fork)
--setgroups allow|deny control the setgroups syscall in user namespaces
--keep-caps retain capabilities granted in user namespaces
--monotonic <offset> set clock monotonic offset (seconds) in time namespaces
--boottime <offset> set clock boottime offset (seconds) in time namespaces
-h, --help display this help
-V, --version display version
For more details see unshare(1).
root@kali:~# whereis -h Usage: whereis [options] [-BMS <dir>... -f] <name> Locate the binary, source, and manual-page files for a command. Options: -b search only for binaries -B <dirs> define binaries lookup path -m search only for manuals and infos -M <dirs> define man and info lookup path -s search only for sources -S <dirs> define sources lookup path -f terminate <dirs> argument list -u search for unusual entries -g interpret name as glob (pathnames pattern) -l output effective lookup paths -h, --help display this help -V, --version display version For more details see whereis(1).
root@kali:~# wipefs -h
Usage:
wipefs [options] <device>
Wipe signatures from a device.
Options:
-a, --all wipe all magic strings (BE CAREFUL!)
-b, --backup[=<dir>] create a signature backup in <dir> or $HOME
-f, --force force erasure
-i, --noheadings don't print headings
-J, --json use JSON output format
-n, --no-act do everything except the actual write() call
-o, --offset <num> offset to erase, in bytes
-O, --output <list> COLUMNS to display (see below)
-p, --parsable print out in parsable instead of printable format
-q, --quiet suppress output messages
-t, --types <list> limit the set of filesystem, RAIDs or partition tables
--lock[=<mode>] use exclusive device lock (yes, no or nonblock)
-h, --help display this help
-V, --version display version
Arguments:
Values for <num> may be followed by a suffix: KiB, MiB,
GiB, TiB, PiB, EiB, ZiB, or YiB (where the "iB" is optional).
Available output columns:
UUID partition/filesystem UUID
LABEL filesystem LABEL
LENGTH magic string length
TYPE superblock type
OFFSET magic string offset
USAGE type description
DEVICE block device name
For more details see wipefs(8).
root@kali:~# x86_64 -h
Usage:
x86_64 [options] [<program> [<argument>...]]
Change the reported architecture and set personality flags.
Options:
-B, --32bit turns on ADDR_LIMIT_32BIT
-F, --fdpic-funcptrs makes function pointers point to descriptors
-I, --short-inode turns on SHORT_INODE
-L, --addr-compat-layout changes the way virtual memory is allocated
-R, --addr-no-randomize disables randomization of the virtual address space
-S, --whole-seconds turns on WHOLE_SECONDS
-T, --sticky-timeouts turns on STICKY_TIMEOUTS
-X, --read-implies-exec turns on READ_IMPLIES_EXEC
-Z, --mmap-page-zero turns on MMAP_PAGE_ZERO
-3, --3gb limits the used address space to a maximum of 3 GB
--4gb ignored (for backward compatibility only)
--uname-2.6 turns on UNAME26
-v, --verbose say what options are being switched on
-h, --help display this help
-V, --version display version
For more details see setarch(8).
root@kali:~# zramctl -h
Usage:
zramctl [options] <device>
zramctl -r <device> [...]
zramctl [options] -f | <device> -s <size>
Set up and control zram devices.
Options:
-a, --algorithm <alg> compression algorithm to use
-b, --bytes print sizes in bytes, not in human-readable form
-f, --find find a free device
-n, --noheadings don't print headings
-o, --output <list> columns to use for status output
--output-all output all columns
-p, --algorithm-params <parameter>...
parameters for the compression algorithm
-r, --reset <device>... reset the specified zram devices
--raw use raw status output format
-s, --size <size> device size
-t, --streams <number> number of compression streams
-h, --help display this help
-V, --version display version
Arguments:
Values for <size> may be followed by a suffix: KiB, MiB,
GiB, TiB, PiB, EiB, ZiB, or YiB (where the "iB" is optional).
<alg> is the name of an algorithm; supported are:
lzo, lz4, lz4hc, deflate, 842, zstd
(List may be inaccurate, consult man page.)
Available output columns:
NAME zram device name
DISKSIZE limit on the uncompressed amount of data
DATA uncompressed size of stored data
COMPR compressed size of stored data
ALGORITHM the selected compression algorithm
STREAMS number of concurrent compress operations
ZERO-PAGES empty pages with no allocated memory
TOTAL all memory including allocator fragmentation and metadata overhead
MEM-LIMIT memory limit used to store compressed data
MEM-USED peak memory usage to store compressed data
MIGRATED number of objects migrated by compaction
COMP-RATIO compression ratio: DATA/TOTAL
MOUNTPOINT where the device is mounted
For more details see zramctl(8).
root@kali:~# addpart -h Usage: addpart <disk device> <partition number> <start> <length> Tell the kernel about the existence of a specified partition. Options: -h, --help display this help -V, --version display version For more details see addpart(8).
root@kali:~# bits -h
Usage:
bits [options] [<mask_or_list>...]
Convert bit masks from/to various formats.
Arguments:
<mask_or_list> bits specified as a hex mask (e.g. 0xeec2)
or as a comma-separated list of bit IDs
If not specified, arguments will be read from stdin.
Options:
-h, --help display this help
-V, --version display version
-w <num>, --width <num>
maximum width of bit masks (default 8192)
Output modes:
-m, --mask display bits as a hex mask value (default)
-g, --grouped-mask display bits as a hex mask value in 32bit
comma separated groups
-b, --binary display bits as a binary mask value
-l, --list display bits as a compressed list of bit IDs
For more details see bits(1).
root@kali:~# blkpr -h
Usage:
blkpr [options] <device>
Manage persistent reservations on a device.
Options:
-c, --command <cmd> command for persistent reservations
-k, --key <num> key to operate on
-K, --oldkey <num> old key to operate on
-f, --flag <flag> command flag
-t, --type <type> command type
-h, --help display this help
-V, --version display version
Arguments:
<cmd> is a command; available commands are:
* register:
This command registers a new reservation if the key argument
is non-null. If no existing reservation exists oldkey must be zero, if
an existing reservation should be replaced oldkey must contain the old
reservation key. If the key argument is 0 it unregisters the existing
reservation passed in oldkey.
* reserve:
This command reserves the device and thus restricts access for other devices
based on the type argument. The key argument must be the existing
reservation key for the device as acquired by the register, preempt,
preempt-abort commands.
* release:
This command releases the reservation specified by key and flags and thus
removes any access restriction implied by it.
* preempt:
This command releases the existing reservation referred to by old_key and
replaces it with a new reservation of type for the reservation key key.
* preempt-abort:
This command works like preempt except that it also aborts any outstanding
command sent over a connection identified by oldkey.
* clear:
This command unregisters both key and any other reservation key registered
with the device and drops any existing reservation.
* read-keys:
This command lists reservation keys currently registered with the device.
* read-reservation:
This command shows the current reservation.
<flag> is a command flag; available flags are:
* ignore-key:
Ignore the existing reservation key. This is commonly supported for
register command, and some implementation may support the flag for reserve
command.
<type> is a command type; available types are:
* write-exclusive:
Only the initiator that owns the reservation can write to the device. Any
initiator can read from the device.
* exclusive-access:
Only the initiator that owns the reservation can access the device.
* write-exclusive-reg-only:
Only initiators with a registered key can write to the device, any initiator
can read from the device.
* exclusive-access-reg-only:
Only initiators with a registered key can access the device.
* write-exclusive-all-regs:
Only initiators with a registered key can write to the device. Any
initiator can read from the device. All initiators with a registered
key are considered reservation holders. Please reference the SPC spec
on the meaning of a reservation holder if you want to use this type.
* exclusive-access-all-regs:
Only initiators with a registered key can access the device. All initiators
with a registered key are considered reservation holders. Please reference
the SPC spec on the meaning of a reservation holder if you want to use this
type.
For more details see blkpr(8).
root@kali:~# blkzone -h Usage: blkzone <command> [options] <device> Run zone command on the given block device. Commands: report Report zone information about the given device capacity Report sum of zone capacities for the given device reset Reset a range of zones. open Open a range of zones. close Close a range of zones. finish Set a range of zones to Full. Options: -o, --offset <sector> start sector of zone to act (in 512-byte sectors) -l, --length <sectors> maximum sectors to act (in 512-byte sectors) -c, --count <number> maximum number of zones -f, --force enforce on block devices used by the system -v, --verbose display more details -h, --help display this help -V, --version display version Arguments: Values for <sector> and <sectors> may be followed by a suffix: KiB, MiB, GiB, TiB, PiB, EiB, ZiB, or YiB (where the "iB" is optional). For more details see blkzone(8).
root@kali:~# chcpu -h Usage: chcpu [options] Configure CPUs in a multi-processor system. Options: -e, --enable <cpu-list> enable cpus -d, --disable <cpu-list> disable cpus -c, --configure <cpu-list> configure cpus -g, --deconfigure <cpu-list> deconfigure cpus -p, --dispatch <mode> set dispatching mode -r, --rescan trigger rescan of cpus -h, --help display this help -V, --version display version For more details see chcpu(8).
root@kali:~# chmem -h Usage: chmem [options] [SIZE|RANGE|BLOCKRANGE] Set a particular size or range of memory online or offline. Options: -e, --enable enable memory -d, --disable disable memory -b, --blocks use memory blocks -z, --zone <name> select memory zone (see below) -c, --configure configure range -g, --deconfigure deconfigure range -m, --memmap-on-memory select memmap-on-memory -v, --verbose verbose output -h, --help display this help -V, --version display version Supported zones: DMA DMA32 Normal Highmem Movable Device For more details see chmem(8).
root@kali:~# copyfilerange -h Usage: copyfilerange [options] <source> <destination> <range>... Copy the specified range(s) from source to destination file. Options: -r, --ranges <file> read ranges separated by newlines from this file -v, --verbose verbose mode -h, --help display this help -V, --version display version Arguments: <range> is of the form <source_offset>:<destination_offset>:<length>, with all values in bytes. If <length> is 0, as much data as available is copied. When an offset is omitted, the last file position is used. For more details see copyfilerange(1).
root@kali:~# coresched -h
Usage:
coresched [get] [--source <PID>]
coresched new [-t <TYPE>] --dest <PID>
coresched new [-t <TYPE>] -- PROGRAM [ARGS...]
coresched copy [--source <PID>] [-t <TYPE>] --dest <PID>
coresched copy [--source <PID>] [-t <TYPE>] -- PROGRAM [ARGS...]
Manage core-scheduling cookies for tasks.
Functions:
get retrieve the core-scheduling cookie of a PID
new assign a new cookie to an existing PID,
or execute a program with a new cookie
copy copy the cookie from an existing PID to another PID,
or execute a program with that copied cookie
Options:
-s, --source <PID> which PID to get the cookie from; if this option
is omitted, the PID of coresched itself is used
-d, --dest <PID> which PID to modify the cookie of
-t, --dest-type <TYPE> type of the new or destination PID; can be one
of: pid, tgid, pgid; default: tgid
-v, --verbose verbose
-h, --help display this help
-V, --version display version
For more details see coresched(1).
root@kali:~# ctrlaltdel -h Usage: ctrlaltdel hard|soft Set the function of the Ctrl-Alt-Del combination. Options: -h, --help display this help -V, --version display version For more details see ctrlaltdel(8).
root@kali:~# delpart -h Usage: delpart <disk device> <partition number> Tell the kernel to forget about a specified partition. Options: -h, --help display this help -V, --version display version For more details see delpart(8).
root@kali:~# enosys -h Usage: enosys [options] <command> Block certain system calls while running a command. Options: -s, --syscall <name>|<nr> system call to block -i, --ioctl <name>|<nr> ioctl to block -l, --list list known system calls -m, --list-ioctl list known ioctls -d, --dump[=<file>] dump bytecode of seccomp filter -h, --help display this help -V, --version display version For more details see enosys(1).
root@kali:~# exch -h Usage: exch [options] oldpath newpath Atomically exchanges paths between two files. Options: -h, --help display this help -V, --version display version For more details see exch(1).
root@kali:~# fadvise -h Usage: fadvise [options] file fadvise [options] --fd|-d file-descriptor Options: -a, --advice <advice> applying advice to the file (default: "dontneed") -d, --fd <num> applying advice to the file descriptor -l, --length <num> length for range operations, in bytes -o, --offset <num> offset for range operations, in bytes -h, --help display this help -V, --version display version Available values for advice: normal sequential random noreuse willneeded dontneed For more details see fadvise(1).
root@kali:~# fincore -h
Usage:
fincore [options] file...
Options:
-J, --json use JSON output format
-b, --bytes print sizes in bytes rather than in human readable format
-c, --total produce a grand total
-n, --noheadings don't print headings
-o, --output <list> output columns
--output-all output all columns
-r, --raw use raw output format
-R, --recursive recursively check all files in directories
-C, --cachestat force usage of cachestat syscall
-h, --help display this help
-V, --version display version
Available output columns:
PAGES file data resident in memory in pages
SIZE size of the file
FILE file name
RES file data resident in memory in bytes
DIRTY_PAGES number of dirty pages
DIRTY number of dirty bytes
WRITEBACK_PAGES number of pages marked for writeback
WRITEBACK number of bytes marked for writeback
EVICTED_PAGES number of evicted pages
EVICTED number of evicted bytes
RECENTLY_EVICTED_PAGES number of recently evicted pages
RECENTLY_EVICTED number of recently evicted bytes
For more details see fincore(1).
root@kali:~# fsck.cramfs -h
Usage:
fsck.cramfs [options] <file>
Check and repair a compressed ROM filesystem.
Options:
-a for compatibility only, ignored
-v, --verbose be more verbose
-y for compatibility only, ignored
-b, --blocksize <size> use this blocksize, defaults to page size
--extract[=<dir>] test uncompression, optionally extract into <dir>
-h, --help display this help
-V, --version display version
For more details see fsck.cramfs(8).
root@kali:~# fsck.minix -h Usage: fsck.minix [options] <device> Check the consistency of a Minix filesystem. Options: -l, --list list all filenames -a, --auto automatic repair -r, --repair interactive repair -v, --verbose be verbose -s, --super output super-block information -m, --uncleared activate mode not cleared warnings -f, --force force check -h, --help display this help -V, --version display version For more details see fsck.minix(8).
root@kali:~# getino -h
Usage:
getino [options] PID[:inode]...
Print the unique inode number of a process's file descriptor or namespace.
Options:
-p, --print-pid enable PID:inode format printing
--cgroupns act on the cgroup namespace
--ipcns act on the ipc namespace
--mntns act on the mount namespace
--netns act on the net namespace
--pidfs act on the pidfs file descriptor (default)
--pidns act on the pid namespace
--timens act on the time namespace
--userns act on the user namespace
--utsns act on the uts namespace
-h, --help display this help
-V, --version display version
For more details see getino(1).
root@kali:~# hwclock -h
Usage:
hwclock [function] [option...]
Time clocks utility.
Functions:
-r, --show display the RTC time
--get display drift corrected RTC time
--set set the RTC according to --date
-s, --hctosys set the system time from the RTC
-w, --systohc set the RTC from the system time
--systz send timescale configurations to the kernel
-a, --adjust adjust the RTC to account for systematic drift
--param-get <param> display the RTC parameter
--param-set <param>=<value> set the RTC parameter
--param-index <number> parameter index (default 0)
--vl-read read voltage low information
--vl-clear clear voltage low information
--predict predict the drifted RTC time according to --date
Options:
-u, --utc the RTC timescale is UTC
-l, --localtime the RTC timescale is Local
-f, --rtc <file> use an alternate file to /dev/rtc
--directisa use the ISA bus instead of /dev/rtc access
--date <time> date/time input for --set and --predict
--delay <sec> delay used when set new RTC time
--update-drift update the RTC drift factor
--noadjfile do not use /etc/adjtime
--adjfile <file> use an alternate file to /etc/adjtime
--test dry run; implies --verbose
-v, --verbose display more details
-h, --help display this help
-V, --version display version
Arguments:
<param> is either a numeric RTC parameter value or one of these aliases:
- features: supported features (0x0)
- correction: time correction (0x1)
- bsm: backup switch mode (0x2)
See Kernel's include/uapi/linux/rtc.h for parameters and values.
<param> and <value> accept hexadecimal values if prefixed with 0x, otherwise decimal.
For more details see hwclock(8).
root@kali:~# isosize -h Usage: isosize [options] <iso9660_image_file> ... Show the length of an ISO-9660 filesystem. Options: -d, --divisor=<number> divide the amount of bytes by <number> -x, --sectors show sector count and size -h, --help display this help -V, --version display version For more details see isosize(8).
root@kali:~# ldattach -h Usage: ldattach [options] <ldisc> <device> Attach a line discipline to a serial line. Options: -d, --debug print verbose messages to stderr -s, --speed <value> set serial line speed -c, --intro-command <string> intro sent before ldattach -p, --pause <seconds> pause between intro and ldattach -7, --sevenbits set character size to 7 bits -8, --eightbits set character size to 8 bits -n, --noparity set parity to none -e, --evenparity set parity to even -o, --oddparity set parity to odd -1, --onestopbit set stop bits to one -2, --twostopbits set stop bits to two -i, --iflag [-]<iflag> set input mode flag -h, --help display this help -V, --version display version Options relevant to GSM0710: -m, --mtu <value> set CMUX maximum frame size Known <ldisc> names: TTY SLIP MOUSE PPP STRIP AX25 X25 6PACK R3964 IRDA HDLC SYNC_PPP SYNCPPP HCI GIGASET_M101 M101 GIGASET PPS GSM0710 Known <iflag> names: IGNBRK BRKINT IGNPAR PARMRK INPCK ISTRIP INLCR IGNCR ICRNL IUCLC IXON IXANY IXOFF IMAXBEL IUTF8 For more details see ldattach(8).
root@kali:~# lsclocks -h
Usage:
lsclocks [options]
Options:
-J, --json use JSON output format
-n, --noheadings don't print headings
-o, --output <list> output columns
--output-all output all columns
-r, --raw use raw output format
-t, --time <clock> show current time of single clock
--no-discover-dynamic do not try to discover dynamic clocks
--no-discover-rtc do not try to discover RTCs
-d, --dynamic-clock <path> also display specified dynamic clock
-c, --cpu-clock <pid> also display CPU clock of specified process
-x, --rtc <path> also display specified RTC
-h, --help display this help
-V, --version display version
Available output columns:
TYPE <string> type
ID <number> numeric id
CLOCK <string> symbolic name
NAME <string> readable name
TIME <number> numeric time
ISO_TIME <string> human readable ISO time
RESOL <string> human readable resolution
RESOL_RAW <number> resolution
REL_TIME <string> human readable relative time
NS_OFFSET <number> namespace offset
For more details see lsclocks(1).
root@kali:~# lsfd -h
Usage:
lsfd [options]
Options:
-l, --threads list in threads level
-J, --json use JSON output format
-n, --noheadings don't print headings
-o, --output <list> output columns (see --list-columns)
-r, --raw use raw output format
-u, --notruncate don't truncate text in columns
-p, --pid <list> collect information only for specified processes
-i[4|6], --inet[=4|=6] list only IPv4 and/or IPv6 sockets
-Q, --filter <expr> apply display filter
--debug-filter dump the internal data structure of filter and exit
-C, --counter <name>:<expr> define custom counter for --summary output
--dump-counters dump counter definitions
--hyperlink[=<when>] print paths as hyperlinks (always|never|auto)
--summary[=<mode>] print summary information (append|only|never)
--_drop-privilege (testing purpose) do setuid(1) just after starting
-H, --list-columns list the available columns
-h, --help display this help
-V, --version display version
Default columns:
Default: COMMAND,PID,USER,ASSOC,XMODE,TYPE,SOURCE,MNTID,INODE,NAME
With --threads: COMMAND,PID,TID,USER,ASSOC,XMODE,TYPE,SOURCE,MNTID,INODE,NAME
For more details see lsfd(1).
root@kali:~# lsirq -h Usage: lsirq [options] Utility to display kernel interrupt information. Options: -J, --json use JSON output format -P, --pairs use key="value" output format -i, --input read data from input file -n, --noheadings don't print headings -o, --output <list> define which output columns to use -s, --sort <column> specify sort column -S, --softirq show softirqs instead of interrupts -t, --threshold <N> only IRQs with counters above <N> -C, --cpu-list <list> only show counters for these CPUs -h, --help display this help -V, --version display version Available output columns: IRQ interrupts TOTAL total count NAME name For more details see lsirq(1).
root@kali:~# lslogins -h
Usage:
lslogins [options] [<username>]
Display information about known users in the system.
Options:
-a, --acc-expiration display info about passwords expiration
-c, --colon-separate display data in a format similar to /etc/passwd
-e, --export display in an export-able output format
-f, --failed display data about the users' last failed logins
-G, --supp-groups display information about groups
-g, --groups=<groups> display users belonging to a group in <groups>
-L, --last show info about the users' last login sessions
-l, --logins=<logins> display only users from <logins>
-n, --newline display each piece of information on a new line
--noheadings don't print headings
--notruncate don't truncate output
-o, --output[=<list>] define the columns to output
--output-all output all columns
-p, --pwd display information related to login by password
-r, --raw display in raw mode
-J, --json display in JSON format mode
-s, --system-accs display system accounts
--time-format=<type> display dates in short, full or iso format
-u, --user-accs display user accounts
-y, --shell use column names to be usable as shell variable identifiers
-Z, --context display SELinux contexts
-z, --print0 delimit user entries with a nul character
--wtmp-file <path> set an alternate path for wtmp
--btmp-file <path> set an alternate path for btmp
--lastlog-file <path>
set an alternate path for lastlog
--lastlog2-file <path>
set an alternate path for lastlog2
-H, --list-columns list the available columns
-h, --help display this help
-V, --version display version
For more details see lslogins(1).
root@kali:~# lsmem -h
Usage:
lsmem [options]
List the ranges of available memory with their online status.
Options:
-J, --json use JSON output format
-P, --pairs use key="value" output format
-a, --all list each individual memory block
-b, --bytes print SIZE in bytes rather than in human readable format
-n, --noheadings don't print headings
-o, --output <list> output columns
--output-all output all columns
-r, --raw use raw output format
-S, --split <list> split ranges by specified columns
-s, --sysroot <dir> use the specified directory as system root
--summary[=when] print summary information (never,always or only)
-h, --help display this help
-V, --version display version
Available output columns:
RANGE start and end address of the memory range
SIZE size of the memory range
STATE online status of the memory range
REMOVABLE memory is removable
BLOCK memory block number or blocks range
NODE numa node of memory
ZONES valid zones for the memory range
CONFIGURED configuration status of the memory range
MEMMAP-ON-MEMORY memmap-on-memory status of the memory range
For more details see lsmem(1).
root@kali:~# mkfs.bfs -h Usage: mkfs.bfs [options] device [block-count] Make an SCO bfs filesystem. Options: -N, --inodes=NUM specify desired number of inodes -V, --vname=NAME specify volume name -F, --fname=NAME specify file system name -v, --verbose explain what is being done -c this option is silently ignored -l this option is silently ignored --lock[=<mode>] use exclusive device lock (yes, no or nonblock) -h, --help display this help -V, --version display version For more details see mkfs.bfs(8).
root@kali:~# mkfs.cramfs -h Usage: mkfs.cramfs [options] dirname outfile Make a compressed ROM file system. dirname root of the filesystem to be compressed outfile output file Options: -v be verbose -E make all warnings errors (non-zero exit status) -b blksize use this blocksize, must equal page size -e edition set edition number (part of fsid) -N endian set cramfs endianness (big|little|host), default host -i file insert a file image into the filesystem -n name set name of cramfs filesystem -p pad by 512 bytes for boot code -z make explicit holes -l[=<mode>] use exclusive device lock (yes, no or nonblock) -h, --help display this help -V, --version display version For more details see mkfs.cramfs(8).
root@kali:~# mkfs.minix -h
Usage:
mkfs.minix [options] /dev/name [blocks]
Options:
-1 use Minix version 1
-2, -v use Minix version 2
-3 use Minix version 3
-n, --namelength <num> maximum length of filenames
-i, --inodes <num> number of inodes for the filesystem
-c, --check check the device for bad blocks
-l, --badblocks <file> list of bad blocks from file
--lock[=<mode>] use exclusive device lock (yes, no or nonblock)
-h, --help display this help
-V, --version display version
For more details see mkfs.minix(8).
root@kali:~# newgrp -h Usage: newgrp <group> [[-c] <command>] Log in to a new group; optionally executing a shell command. Options: -c, --command <command> pass a command to the user's shell with -c -h, --help display this help -V, --version display version For more details see newgrp(1).
root@kali:~# pipesz -h Usage: pipesz [options] [--set <size>] [--] [command] pipesz [options] --get Set or examine pipe buffer sizes and optionally execute command. Options: -g, --get examine pipe buffers -s, --set <size> the buffer size to be used (default: 1048576) -f, --file <path> act on a file -n, --fd <num> act on a file descriptor -i, --stdin act on standard input -o, --stdout act on standard output -e, --stderr act on standard error -c, --check do not continue after an error -q, --quiet do not warn of non-fatal errors -v, --verbose provide detailed output -h, --help display this help -V, --version display version For more details see pipesz(1).
root@kali:~# pivot_root -h Usage: pivot_root [options] new_root put_old Change the root filesystem. Options: -h, --help display this help -V, --version display version For more details see pivot_root(8).
root@kali:~# rename.ul -h Usage: rename.ul [options] <substring> <replacement> <file>... Rename files. Options: -v, --verbose explain what is being done -s, --symlink act on the target of symlinks -n, --no-act do not make any changes -a, --all replace all occurrences -l, --last replace only the last occurrence -o, --no-overwrite don't overwrite existing files -i, --interactive prompt before overwrite -h, --help display this help -V, --version display version For more details see rename(1).
root@kali:~# resizepart -h Usage: resizepart <disk device> <partition number> <length> Tell the kernel about the new size of a partition. Options: -h, --help display this help -V, --version display version For more details see resizepart(8).
root@kali:~# sg -h Usage: sg <group> [[-c] <command>] Log in to a new group; optionally executing a shell command. Options: -c, --command <command> pass a command to the user's shell with -c -h, --help display this help -V, --version display version For more details see newgrp(1).
root@kali:~# switch_root -h Usage: switch_root [options] <newrootdir> <init> <args to init> Switch to another filesystem as the root of the mount tree. Options: -h, --help display this help -V, --version display version For more details see switch_root(8).
root@kali:~# waitpid -h Usage: waitpid [options] PID[:inode]... Options: -v, --verbose be more verbose -t, --timeout=<timeout> wait at most timeout seconds -e, --exited allow exited PIDs -c, --count=<count> number of process exits to wait for -h, --help display this help -V, --version display version For more details see waitpid(1).
root@kali:~# wdctl -h
Usage:
wdctl [options] [<device> ...]
Show the status of the hardware watchdog.
Options:
-f, --flags <list> print selected flags only
-F, --noflags don't print information about flags
-I, --noident don't print watchdog identity information
-n, --noheadings don't print headings for flags table
-O, --oneline print all information on one line
-o, --output <list> output columns of the flags
-p, --setpretimeout <sec> set watchdog pre-timeout
-g, --setpregovernor <name> set pre-timeout governor
-r, --raw use raw output format for flags table
-T, --notimeouts don't print watchdog timeouts
-s, --settimeout <sec> set watchdog timeout
-x, --flags-only print only flags table (same as -I -T)
-h, --help display this help
-V, --version display version
No default device is available.
Available output columns:
FLAG flag name
DESCRIPTION flag description
STATUS flag status
BOOT-STATUS flag boot status
DEVICE watchdog device name
For more details see wdctl(8).
root@kali:~# uuidd -h
Usage:
uuidd [options]
A daemon for generating UUIDs.
Options:
-p, --pid <path> path to pid file
-s, --socket <path> path to socket
-T, --timeout <sec> specify inactivity timeout
-k, --kill kill running daemon
-r, --random test random-based generation
-t, --time test time-based generation
-n, --uuids <num> request number of uuids
-P, --no-pid do not create pid file
-F, --no-fork do not daemonize using double-fork
-S, --socket-activation do not create listening socket
-C, --cont-clock[=<number>[hd]]
activate continuous clock handling
-d, --debug run in debugging mode
-q, --quiet turn on quiet mode
-h, --help display this help
-V, --version display version
For more details see uuidd(8).
root@kali:~# uuidgen -h
Usage:
uuidgen [options]
Create a new UUID value.
Options:
-r, --random generate random-based uuid
-t, --time generate time-based uuid
-n, --namespace <ns> generate hash-based uuid in this namespace
available namespaces: @dns @url @oid @x500
-N, --name <name> generate hash-based uuid from this name
-m, --md5 generate md5 hash
-C, --count <num> generate more uuids in loop
-s, --sha1 generate sha1 hash
-6, --time-v6 generate time-based v6 uuid
-7, --time-v7 generate time-based v7 uuid
-x, --hex interpret name as hex string
-h, --help display this help
-V, --version display version
For more details see uuidgen(1).
root@kali:~# uuidparse -h
Usage:
uuidparse [options] <uuid ...>
Options:
-J, --json use JSON output format
-n, --noheadings don't print headings
-o, --output <list> COLUMNS to display (see below)
-r, --raw use the raw output format
-h, --help display this help
-V, --version display version
Available output columns:
UUID unique identifier
VARIANT variant name
TYPE type name
TIME timestamp
For more details see uuidparse(1).